Pipeline Installation Elements

Introduction Pipeline installations have relied on a number of strategies depending on the location. This article provides a brief description of some of the methods used in pipeline installations. The article reviews the following pipeline installations:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pipeline Installation Elements specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pig traps Block valves Offtakes Compressor stations The designs of these pipelines are not standard. Instead, they depend on the location, function of the pipeline relative to fluid for transportation, temperature, and operating pressure. Pipelines have several points of installations to ensure maximum efficiency during transportation of fluids. Pig Traps Pipeline pigging is a method of inspecting and cleaning inner parts of the pipeline using a gadget known as pig. Pig traps are installations used for â€Å"inserting or launching pigs into the pipeline and taking them out or receiving them after a successful run without interrupting the process of fluid flow in the pipeline† (Mohitpour, Szabo and Hardeveld, 2005). A pig trap is like an air lock. The valve separates pig traps from the pipeline. This provides opportunities to depressurise the pipeline in order to insert the pig. Pigs vary in terms of materials and their composition. For instance, there are magnetic flux and air-filled plastic pigs suitable as tools for inspection of leakages. People who use pig traps load and close the trap in order to pressurise the pipeline. However, the main valve trap remains open so that the pressure can direct the fluid when the pig is behind in order to force it into the pipeline. Pigging also has a receiving end where the reverse process takes place. It is imperative to ensure that the pigging system is safe and can withstand extreme temperatures, pressure, and inspection of a pipeline can take place safely. Apart from inspection and cleaning, pi g traps are also suitable for separating fluids under transportation and providing information about the pipeline position and size.Advertising Looking for essay on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pigging enhance lifetime of pipelines. Inspection and cleaning ensure that debris, wax, and other materials, which cause blockages, do not hinder the transportation of fluids. This enhances efficiency of the pipeline and provides a continuous flow of fluids. Design Christian Cloyde notes that design considerations of pig traps â€Å"should extend beyond the limits of the pig trap to the boundaries of the pigging station† (Cloyde, 2011). The design must go with the part of the pipeline measurements. Pig traps with mechanical design must match or exceed the design pressure. In addition, it must also have similar design features, compatible type of materials, apply similar design codes, and conform to temperature req uirements just like the section of the pipeline it serves. Dimensionally, a pig trap must relate to the type of pigging in a section of the pipeline it shall serve. This must take into account the line size of the pipeline and the length of the barrel. The design must be able to resist pressure as it allows inserting and receiving of pigs. Pigs are heavy. Thus, it is necessary to consider internal pressure for safety of the system and workers. Pig Trap Design Code Designers usually use international standards and measurements like ASME. The standard codes include â€Å"B31.4, B31.3, B31.8, PD5500, EN13445, and AS2885† (Mohitpour, Szabo and Hardeveld, 2005). These pig traps fit at the end of the pipeline just like extensions. Thus, trap designs can also fit vessel codes. However, this may create mechanical problems where vessels have thick diameters. This implies that the design must conform to the pipeline and trap ends and must be the same as codes for both ends. In all thes e strategies, designs must ensure that loading and receiving process remain safe to the user and the pipeline.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pipeline Installation Elements specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Design Pressure The design pressure must serve as a basis for determining the thickness of the wall of pipeline and pig traps. It is extremely dangerous to use design pressure, which is below the pressure of the pipeline. It is imperative to consider standard design pressure from ASME and ANSI that provide pressure and temperature guidelines. The designers must subject such materials to hydrostatic pressure tests of 1.25 times more than the design pressure to ensure their safety. However, the code has a significant influence on the design pressure of pig traps. The designer must also ensure extra precaution due to the nature of fluids for transportation along these pipelines. Temperature The design must be ab le to withstand maximum temperature of the fluid. In addition, the design must also take into account both minimum and maximum temperature of the pipeline section and the area. Materials The choices of materials depend on the client’s preferences. However, these materials must conform to safety standards set by regulating authorities. Further, such choices must also conform to materials of pipelines and meet the design requirements of the pipeline. Therefore, designers can only use cost effective and safe materials for installations. At the same time, such products must also be able to withstand reactions from the fluid under transportation. In this light, the designer must consider both metallic and elastomeric materials for the installation. Selection of materials must also consider other properties relating to chemical, mechanical characteristics, and weld capabilities. External loading activities require nozzles for attaching the pipe. Thus, the design must also take into consideration effects of external pressure resulting from such activities with regard to the location of the pipeline such as sub-sea.Advertising Looking for essay on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are sections of the pipeline that may require frequent pigging activities. Under such cases, the designers must also account for fatigue on the pipeline. They must also consider other factors related to load of the fluid, seismic load, and friction. Designers must also consider other factor related to the location of the pipeline section, ease of accessibility, and environmental conditions. For instance, the designer must consider risks inherent for sub-sea pipelines and offer additional protection for valves. Pig traps need adequate space. They must also never be near open flames or sources of ignition. In this case, rules of companies regarding the type of powered gadget allowed near the installation must apply. Designers must ensure maximum care in offshore areas where horizontal space may not be adequate. In such a case, there should be adequate workspace close to the closure door to allow for pigging activities. Such activities involve â€Å"loading and unloading long in spections pigs, removal of liquids and debris from the pipeline and into a waste container, installation, and operation of a temporary separator among others† (Cloyde, 2011). The layout design must ensure that valves are accessible through different means. In this case, the operator does not need to gain access to closure door in order to perform any activity on the valve. Designers must also consider safe and efficient operation of the pig trap by taking into account â€Å"the orientation of the barrel at the pigging station† (Cloyde, 2011). Therefore, all systems must have adequate space for routine operation and maintenance activities. The closure door must never face other equipment or place where people may meet. This is necessary to avoid accidents in which pigs can shoot out and cause damages to equipment and people. Designers must pay special attention to the barrel or the oversized section of the pipeline. The designers must also install dip trays in order to a void cases of contamination resulting from servicing activities. Offshore systems must have facilities for loading and offloading heavy materials. Such tools are necessary to locate large pigs into their positions during installations. Operation The energy industry is also conscious of the environment. Therefore, activities involved in the pig trap must not cause harm to the environment. Operators must take care to minimise effects of fluids in the atmosphere or water (Goodland, 2005). Operation of the pig trap involves launching, sending, and receiving pigs. Maintenance Pig traps require regular maintenance to ensure efficiency and proper function of traps. Maintenance of the pig trap involves piggability assessments and trap assessments (Cordell, 2003). Figure 1: Pig trap Block valves Block valves stop the flow of the fluid in one or more directions. Other people consider block valves as tools, which can allow or prevent the flow of fluid without restriction. This may not require a single way valve. In fact, designers prefer gate valves for such purposes. Operators can fully open or close the valve. In this case, block valves are â€Å"useful for separating a section of the pipeline for maintenance† (Daniel Emerson, 2011). Design Gate valves are easy to use because they do not need a lot of force to surmount the pressure and friction from the pipeline. This is because their design systems allow the blocking end to move in a crosswise manner against the fluid. Gate valves also have small sections in the sealing parts. These rings are dependable and prevent any possible leakages. Gate valves are popular because of the following reasons: Hydraulic resistance is negligible Do not allow reverse flows the fluid Suitable for viscous fluids Designers also take into account factors like effects of pressure, chemicals, temperature, and pressure of the fluid on the valve. They also consider material components of the valves together with driving features. The followings are also important when selecting gate valves: Ability to resist the weather Ability to prevent any leakage Ability to resist extreme forces that may cause bending Ability to meet seismic requirements Operation The block valve can control flow of fluid in either direction. Designers provide three various methods of controlling block valves. These methods include local, remote, and automatic. However, it is the extent of the leak and volumes of release, which determine the method of controlling gate valves. Layout Designers must put block values at pipeline sections where they can provide optimal control of spills and maintenance. Spacing considerations between block valves are also important for onshore pipelines. The aim should be to control flows between adjacent valves. Categories of block valves include. Manual gate values, which are in the check valve sections and locally operated. They ensure positive isolation of the fluid. Remote gate valves are useful in oil and gas pipelines for protection during accidental failures or damages on the pipeline. Station block valves are usually near the pump station to separate fluids from the pump stations during for emergency cases. They are in both the inlet (fluid suction) and outside (fluid discharge) of the pipeline. Maintenance Block valves require constant and scheduled maintenance. Block valves need synthetic lubricants and sealant systems. Generally, new valves require constant monitoring than other valves, which have been in operation for over a year. The maintenance requires constant lubrication in order to lessen the break out torque when in use. Lubrication must spread to the valves gate slabs and seats. Regular adjustments are necessary to ensure that valves have the correct seat seal (Tiratsoo, 2007). Figure 2: Block valve Offtakes Offtakes are within the distribution and transmission systems. It has a number of gadgets for filtering and managing pressure. At the same time, it performs measurement and ‘odourisation’ of the fluid in order to allow for remote operation of the flow of the fluid. Within the pipeline, an offtake can be a vessel or pipeline transferring fluid from one section to another or to a larger pipeline. Design The designers must ensure that offtakes do not lower the pressure of the pipeline channels. Therefore, designers must consider both internal and external measurements, materials used and the length of the pipeline. We can only determine efficiency and flow of the fluid by using internal measurements, length, pressure at the ends, fluid characteristics, temperature, and elevation of the pipe from the ground. For safety reasons, the gas from the pipeline system at offtakes must have the minimum pressure. Designers of offtakes must consider some factors that include: Maximum pressure Maximum temperature Diameter of the header Fluid for transportation Both hot and cold tie-in Available offtake equipment Offtakes Layout and Opera tion The designers must ensure that offtakes have compression stations comprising of enough branches with the mainline. Offtakes require real-time monitoring and performance of analysis using computer systems with high capacities. Companies normally use SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) to monitor and plan their offtake systems (Tobin, 2007). The designers must ensure that the gas maintains its pressure as it travels throughout the system. In most cases, the pressure of the gas may drop and reduce the pressure. Thus, designers must ensure that the pressure in never low to prevent the flow. This is why there are compression stations along the pipeline to ensure that the gas pressure does not drop to unacceptable levels (Busby, 1999). Maintenance The aim of maintaining offtakes is to prevent the gas pressure from falling to low levels, which are risky. Thus, operators must ensure that they clear any debris restricting the flow of fluids. Figure 3: Offtakes Compressor S tations The aim of a compressor station along the pipeline is to enhance pressure of the fluid. It uses gas turbines to build pressure for transporting the fluid to the next compressor station. Thus, it increases transmission capacity of the pipeline. Compressor stations provide the necessary force for the gas to overcome friction so that the fluid can maintain the rate of flow and pressure. Compressor Station Design and Layout Designers must consider several factors for compressor stations. Selection Selection of materials must consider standard specifications for safety, performance, and life of the system. Control Systems The compressor station has four levels of control systems. Supervisory Station Driver and driven components Auxiliary control systems Safety of the Compressor Station Operators must consider safety concerns related to fire detection equipment, gas leakages, and safety of the relief valves. Layout The layout of the compressor station consists of the following. Scrubbers that stop fluid from entering the compressor Blow down valves and relief systems By-pass lines Cooler to control temperature of the gas and discharge temperatures The designers also consider the following factors for the entire compressor station. The size of the compressor and its drivers and driving components Climatic conditions of the area in which the pipeline section lies Accessibility of support services Accountability for regulatory requirements involving safety and environmental concerns Human occupancy Designers may build the station using different techniques involving series, parallel, or a combination of these approaches ( Mokhatab, Santos and Cleveland, 2007). Operation Compressor stations rely on automatic processes for their operation. Consequently, there are only minimal human interventions. In this case, facility operators must ensure maximum adherence to manufactures’ safety and operational requirements. However, operation activities of the st ation must consider load of the fluid (Kurz, Lubomirsky and Klaus, 2012). Operators must engage in continuous monitoring of the station, regulate the mixing activities at the compressor, and ensure efficiency of the system. They must also keep data in every station. The control systems also have capabilities of remote control of shut-off valves. However, the sensitive areas require ESD controller (emergency shutdown). This is useful for controlling valves and enabling timely reactions to cases of fire or gas detection. Operators must also note that the main control systems may experience outage due to maintenance or failure. Thus, the system must be under constant surveillance. Compressor station has three types of shutdown. Unit shutdown restartable (USR) reacts in cases where there are low suction or high temperature, pressure, speed, and high pressure of discharge. Unit shutdown lockout (USL) shows that the station has a mechanical problem from failure of the lube components, hi gh vibration, and temperature. Emergency shutdown is applicable in cases where stations compromise safety of the people. This may result from fire or gas detection. Customer emergency shutdown (ESD) results from failure of the seal components and value failures. Maintenance Compressor stations must have a regular monitoring and major changes to their components. Maintenance ensures that the station is safe, works well, and achieves long life. Maintenance of the station must focus on the following areas. General cleanliness of the structure and ground of the station Monitoring of valves and piping of the station Monitoring gas cooler sensors to ensure efficiency Ensuring safety of equipment such as fire extinguishers, fire and gas detection systems, first aid materials, and other protective gears Ensuring regular maintenance of tanks because of their components of solid sludge There should also be regular maintenance of the compressor engine to avoid failure of its blades Figure 4: Compressor station Conclusion Pipeline installation must ensure maximum safety of the people and the environment. This depends on the recommend materials, sizes, maintenance routines, and control of failures detected. At the same time, the design consideration of pipeline installation also ensures that the pipeline operates smoothly and remains safe to users and nearby facilities and people. Reference List Busby, L. (1999). Natural Gas in Non Technical Language. Pennwell: Institute of Gas Technology. Cloyde, C 2011, ‘Pig Trap Design and Assessment Considerations’, Pipeline and Gas Journal, vol. 238 no. 1, pp. 1-6. Cordell, J 2003, Pipeline Pigging Handbook, Clarion Technical Publishers, Houston, TX. Daniel Emerson 2011, Product Datasheet 2011, https://www.emerson.com/documents/automation/user-manual-models-762-763-765-766-gas-loaded-relief-back-pressure-valves-2-to-16-inch-en-55700.pdf Goodland, R 2005, Oil and Gas Pipelines Social and Environmental Impact Assessment , International Association of Impact Assessment, Fargo, ND. Kurz, R, Lubomirsky, M and Brun, K 2012, ‘Gas Compressor Station Economic Optimization’, nternational Journal of Rotating Machinery, vol. 2012, pp. 1-9. Mohitpour, M, Szabo, J and Hardeveld, T 2005, Pipeline operation maintenance: a practical approach, ASME Press, New York. Mokhatab, S, Santos, S and Cleveland, T 2007, ‘Compressor station design criteria’, Pipeline Gas Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-15. Tiratsoo, J 2007, Pipeline integrity. The Journal of Pipeline Engineering, vol. 6 no. 4, pp. 1-84. Tobin, J 2007 Natural Gas Compressor Stations on the Interstate Pipeline Network: Developments Since 1996, Energy Information Administration: Office of Oil and Gas, Washington, DC. This essay on Pipeline Installation Elements was written and submitted by user Gerardo Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Ones Who Walked Away from Omelas

like a city in a fairy tale, long ago and far away, once upon a time.† In one hand she is guiding us with vivid images, but on the other she allows us to participate as she mentions, â€Å"perhaps it would be best if you imagined it as your own ... Free Essays on The Ones Who Walked Away from Omelas Free Essays on The Ones Who Walked Away from Omelas â€Å"The Ones Who Walked Away from Omelas† is an interesting story, since the author Ursula K. LeGuin focuses on the way the city is developed By playing attention of the way the habitants lives are, we can find the positives and negatives aspects of the town. The way she describes the people of Omelas, by saying that â€Å"they were mature, intelligent, [and] passionate adults,† gives the impression that Omelas is a dreamy and irreal city. The place that LeGuin describes here is nowhere in particular. It can be any town in the world, which means that the story that develops can be symbolic of any town or city. The emphasis on the ideality of this city is what gives rise to the irony of the story, because happiness of Omelas’ inhabitants is based on the suffering of a child. The way LeGuin describes the town of Omelas, puts us in a difficult place, since we are forced to accept the story as it is told to us. Even though, at the beginning of this passage, she does not seem sure of how to describe this town. She mentions, â€Å"how can I tell you about the people of Omelas?† It seems as if she is trying to find the perfect words â€Å"I wish I could describe it better† to describe how the inhabitants of Omelas are. Therefore, we are forced to accept the credibility of the story. However, one interesting thing about LeGuin’s style is that, even though she gives us numerous descriptions to make her story believable, we are still given a tool to create a setting as she says, â€Å"it would best if you imagined it†. LeGuin’s method is perfectly seen here. She uses rich images of the city to lure the reader into imagining what a perfect society will be like, â€Å"Omelas sounds in my words like a city in a fairy tale, long ago and far away, once upon a time.† In one hand she is guiding us with vivid images, but on the other she allows us to participate as she mentions, â€Å"perhaps it would be best if you imagined it as your own ...

Concerning a Pretended Right to Lie from Motives of Humanity by Assignment

Concerning a Pretended Right to Lie from Motives of Humanity by Immanuel Kant - Assignment Example This is due to the fact that a man who speaks the truth should not be seen as responsible for the consequences resulting from his/her honest answer. The harm caused to a person as a result of the truthfulness does not impose any moral or legal responsibility to the one who has told the truth, because in this case we are talking about an accident. This is due to the fact that a lie â€Å"always hurts another; and if not another man, at least man kind in general by making the source of all right useless† (Kant and Kroeger 12). It makes no sense to define a lie as the falsehood that harms another because causing harm is the very essence of the lie. Despite the fact that in some cases, a lie is seen as an opportunity to save a loved one, however the consequences can be quite severe, including the tragic ones. In particular, if someone in an attempt to save the life of his friend lied to a murderer about the location of his friend and yet the murder has happened, this person may be punishable under civil law. In this case, the person who told the lie is responsible for the consequences. Constants believes that in some cases, truthfulness may harm another person, but in fact truthfulness cannot cause harm because it is a formal duty. Harm can be caused only by an accident (casus) to which the veracity is irrelevant. For this reason, truthfulness should be considered as an unconditional duty in any

Is It Possible for Passengers to Hack Commercial Aircraft Essay

Is It Possible for Passengers to Hack Commercial Aircraft - Essay Example For a hacker to succeed in his or her endeavors, he or she has to possess adequate skills to penetrate networks. Basically, they have to exploit weak links within secured systems to enable them induce their ill-fated viruses that will enable them access to information, override protocols, destroy data or even allow them to have full control of the hacked system remotely (zetter, hackers could comandeer new planes through passenger wi-fi, 2015). Back to my question, is it possible for passengers to hack into commercial aircrafts systems? To answer that, it is important to understand its system better for vulnerabilities. In an ease to be more competitive in the market, quite a number of airlines today offer internet connectivity through systems called in-flight Wi-Fi. The working of this system is that passengers connect their devices through Wi-Fi inbuilt in mobile devices to the Wi-Fi router in the plane, which connects their devices to the internet. This feature is currently in service in a large number of united airlines planes among other airlines. This aircraft feature provides a potential threat to attack from hackers. A plane has a system known as the avionics system, which controls various systems in an aircraft including flight controls and even the autopilot feature in planes. Here is where the risk comes in. the Wi-Fi system that connects passengers to the web is connected to the avionics systems mentioned above separated by a firewall security system. Many might think that hacking may be prevented by the availability of a strong firewall system yet firewalls are not impenetrable. Back in the year 2013, the Federal Reserve Bank website was hacked by an unknown hacker posting a link on a third party website which allowed users to download the stolen contact information from the banks’ website (zetter, is ti posible for passengers to hack comercial

Relationship Analysis Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Relationship Analysis - Research Paper Example Although these numerable theories are not a â€Å"how to† manual, but a means of getting deeper understanding into the natures of relationships between human beings. Three of these theories, offer interesting approaches as to how to understand romantic couplings and how and why people participate in interpersonal relationships. Firstly, Social Exchange Theory, as well as, two of the conceptual theories that fall under the umbrella of Social Exchange Theory, Equity Theory and Interdependence Theory. History Social Exchange Theory became popularized in the 1960s and 1970s. It works under the principle that all of human relationship behaviors are based on an exchange process. Through this they each can work to maximize rewards and avoids or minimize costs. This mental, and unconscious, a process allow the partners to measure whether their time, energy, money, and efforts balance with what they receive (Cherry, 2013). This theory has been influenced and enhanced by behavioral psyc hology, which explains that human being will repeat the behaviors that have resulted with rewards in the past. As well, as supported by Utilitarian logic, that if one receives more than the other, one will inevitably take advantage of the other (Plunkett, 2013). Simply meaning that one partner in a relationship becomes the primary giver and the other the primary receiver. Once these behaviors become habitual it will likely, not change. Equity Theory is based on the belief that people are innately drawn or desire to be treated well and valued fairly within the relationships they participate. Now, this does not necessarily mean that each partner will contribute in the same ways to the relationship, but as long as the parties involved find the relationship agreeable the a sense of balance, fairness, and equality that people wish. Unfortunately, we all do not necessarily agree on the definition of fairness is. This is when perceived imbalance can occur. When one member is not receiving positive reinforcements they may abandon the relationship. In turn, it is, also, possible for a partner who feels that the other gives much more than they do they may feel distress or guilt about this imbalance, even when that imbalance is in their favor (Deshmukh, 2011). â€Å"†¦Interdependence exists when the accomplishment of each individual’s goals is affected by the actions of others† (qtd. in Johnson & Johnson, 2013). In other words the personal successes and failures of each partner can be intertwined with one another. The theory explains that there are two types of Interdependence, positive, or cooperative, and negative, or competitive. Positive and cooperative interdependence is reflected in relationship where both partners feel that they cannot reach their goals without their partner, also, achieving their goals. Many might consider that the exact example of a committed, dedicated and equal relationship. The successes and failure are intertwined. Negativ e interdependence occurs when the partners in a relationship are competitive. One’s success can only be achieved by sacrificing the best interests of the other (Johnson & Johnson, 2013). Interestingly enough, if one partner is seeking positive interdependen

Analysing the culture of the United Arab Emirates

Analysing the culture of the United Arab Emirates In this research, I will analyze the culture of the United Arab Emirates. I will analyze also aspect of the contemporary U.A.E culture and some challenges that this culture is facing. In this paper, I will give importance on 5 cultural aspects. First, I will discuss the problem of weak identity and heritage collapse. Second, I will discuss social stratification system. Third, I will discuss changes in role of women in the UAE contemporary society. Fourth, I will discuss issues of marriage, and lastly I will discuss family structure in U.A.E. Historically, gender roles and family relationships in Middle Eastern culture have been very Traditional and steeped in beliefs and customs stemming from Islam. With rapid economic development and modernization, changes may be occurring among younger generation. (Questa 1). However, UAE society over the last decade, had experienced a number of social problems, but it has shown more problem in the UAE contemporary society. However, the most important example that sociological and cultural theory can help interpreting them are (1) Social stratification system (2) lost of UAE Identity and culture (3) change in the roles of women in UAE society and (4) marriage (5) family structure. One example of contemporary UAE Society example is social stratification system in UAE society. The UAE or Emirates society consists of two social categories, the UAE National and Foreign immigrants. The UAE nationals are subdivided into four main social classes: (1) The Ruling family, (2) the merchant or business people, (3) the professionals like teachers, engineers are middle class people and (4) Bedouin nomads and pearl divers. On the other hand, the immigrants are also divided into groups. (1)Comes the top professional like doctors and professor at universities , (2) middle class like school teacher , skilled technicians, and other professional (3) semi skilled laborers who mainly work in construction sites, however , this form of classing system in UAE is changing dramatically to a meritocracy system . A classing system that give importance to personal merits, and achievement rather than inequality in society. This dramatic change is mainly due to the notion that meritocracy sy stem will definitely increase productivity, efficiency and, thus economy becomes better. Social mobility will be common in a meritocracy Society. For example, A Bedouin Nomads, who was mainly classified as a low income group, is now one of the ministers in UAE. This proves that equality and reward based on individual effort had motivated all low income groups to study and learn new skills, so that social mobility could happen. In addition to this , immigrants also benefited and felt of this dramatic change in classing system , they also have been more productive , efficient , and UAE economic success story is the prove of this . As to link this contemporary example of social stratification in UAE society to structural functional approach, we can know that social stratification is a must in the operation of society, and meritocracy system is a must in the success of the operation of society and economy in a country like UAE. Further , a manifest function of meritocracy system is that every level of professional need a different knowledge and skills , so meritocracy system has unrecognized and unintended function , which is the Latin function of social stratification or meritocracy system is that it help people link their performance to reward and not social class categories . Finally, in my point of view, Social Stratification has no dysfunction, because it is common in all societies around the world, and has to be there for appropriate function of society. Another example of UAE contemporary society is the lost UAE national identity and lost of culture and heritage. American cars and fast-food, British universities, European stores, the fact that its not compulsory to learn Arabic in many private schools, and some expatriates are encouraged to live in certain areas. If this is the case, then inevitably, elements of the Dubais Arab culture and traditions will be lost(Gulf News 1). The UAE population structure consist of the following percentage of each foreign nationalities (Asian Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, and Sri Lankiness) account for about 45 percent of the population of the UAE, followed by Arabs (about 33 percent), and Iranians (17 percent). Westerners (Americans and Western Europeans) account for about 5 percent. Jordanians, Palestinians, Egyptians, Iraqis, and Bahrainis are employed throughout the government bureaucracy. As the number of foreigners increases tremendously, making UAE national only 15% percent of the total population, it is worth debating on this phenomenon. (Every culture 1). Multiculturalism and globalization has been encouraged in UAE, and the result is lost of UAE identity. Restaurants, Churches, malls, and all other infrastructure have been designed to accommodate all culture, but not UAE culture. In addition to this, social integration is completely nil; people from every nationality prefer to socialize with their mates from the same nationality, this result in the creation of sub cultures in society. According to Hanna Shaman, a French citizen who lived in UAE has said that this problem was once in French and most Europe country in the industrial revolution, however, government in Germany has forced all foreigners to learn Dutch in the first 2 years they are in Germany, or residence visa will not be given. Such an action, in my point of view, is a must to be implemented in UAE to solve this issue. As a matter of fact, all post industrial societies have faced this problem of g lobalization and multiculturalism. As to link this example of lost of UAE identity and culture to Durkheim theory, as social integration in people of a society is strong, they are likely not commit suicide and die. On the other hand, as member of society strength their social integration, social norm, mores, and culture they are most likely not to commit suicide and live a better life than those, who have less socialization and integration in their society. This theory further illustrates that if social integration in a society is forgotten, the consequences may be hard to the member of that society. As a result of this, I would like government agencies to take this contemporary problem of UAE society in a very serious way. Because as late sheikh Zayed said, who dont know his past is dead for the future. A third example of UAE contemporary society is the change in gender roles of men and women in UAE. Although statistics proven that women are performing better in schools, they are still discriminated in work place. In 1990, only 6% of labor force was women, however, in 2000, it has jumped to 42%. This shows that women in UAE society began to given more importance in work place. But the problem is from men side they believe that women should work in a place where there is no mixing with men, however, in 2006; we can see more 50% of women labor force work in a not segregated work place. This shows further that the cultural point of view of women in UAE society has changed. On the other hand according to feminist movement, working women have double burden in their life. A work at morning, and afternoon being a domestic servant at home. This notion of double burden is spread in UAE, but as matter of fact, most of working women now have an Asian female servant to do the main domestic work at home. As a result, the contemporary UAE society has successfully proven to the world that UAE society is clear from any Social or Gender conflict. A fourth example of UAE contemporary society is Marriage. marriage in the community of the UAE traditions and values, derived from the customs authentic Arab and Islamic concepts of tolerance was characterized by the marriage in the past and free from the complexities and difficulties that were dictated by social and economic conditions present that made the marriage problem and the dilemma facing young couples and threaten the stability of family and social system. Which is the duty urged by Islam religion, is the highest social relations between spouses and in-laws and strangers also within the same society, it is characterized by the status and sanctity of the private in terms of the nature of the procedures and stages of completion. When held parents intention to marry their son, they look to him for a girl belonging to the family of decent folk who show characteristics of religion and morality and a good reputation and the task of searching for the girl sought rests with the mat chmaker or the Prophet, a woman with a mind and thought, tact, have the ability to assess the girl and shown her qualities that the community was still giving special consideration, the ratio of the girl, the beauty, creativity, and religion, Recipes are essential to young people going to get married, and that the reputation of the girls family and lineage, authenticity, and social status of the father or to his creation of decent and good behavior are also the qualities youre looking for the grooms family and require the availability It may not be the matchmaker, a role in the process of the marriage to happen or if the marriage between relatives, the keenness of people formerly on the relative affinity, as his sons married the father of the daughters of his brother, sister or cousins and an increase in family bonding and family cohesion In the case of the use of katapa, theyre a friendly visit to the house of the people of girls, and may you see the girls by surprise because it is difficult to meet the daughter when entering a foreign woman to her family and if I go back matchmaker informed all of the opinions of the people of the groom and the light of that, they make their decision, either to apply for a sermon girl or search for other In the past, the bride price does not exceed in the desert seven twin whereas in the amount of the dowry when the people of the cities between 40 dirhams, and a hundred dirhams and ensures the bridegroom pay (Alqtuap) and it was money specific pay for a daughter of the clothes and decorations and vary according to the case of the people the physical and social status. Also provides for the groom requirements. At the forefront of the wedding banquet. The different marriage customs and manifestations when compared to the people of the desert cities and villages in some of the details. Another example of UAE contemporary society is family structure. Arranged endogamous marriage within the kinship (tribal) units was the preferred pattern in the period, but this pattern has changed somewhat. Individuals now have greater choice, yet many nationals still prefer arranged marriages. Emiratis are strongly discouraged from marrying non nationals, and a young man receives $19,000 from the Marriage Fund if he marries a national. As prescribed by Islam, a man is allowed up to four wives, but most men have only one wife. In UAE the conventional family used to live in extended form of family. But with the development in the economy, this form of family is declining. Recent research found that around 80% of Emirati families live in small family with one or two child (Nuclear). However, due to imbalance population structure in the country. Nuclear families are discouraged and instead government wants their people to have large family with many members. Also, some changes in the role of women as discussed above in this research have changed the role and power of husband in the house. Husband power and authority is declining. In addition to this, due to increase power of women and her responsibly in her work. On average, each household employs two live-in domestic servants, usually Asian. In addition to this, Family and tribal connections form the basis of Emirati social structure. The family and tribe are highly influential and play a role in shaping a persons values and behavior (every culture 2). In UA E culture, tribe and family play an important role in shaping the behavior and customs of the society. It is believe so because It serves to support its members both financially and emotionally and as such, the family comes before anything else and its honors are protected by doing whatever necessary( every culture 2). Furthermore, UAE society and family support kinship too much because many business are run by family members and also same tribe like to live near to each other since they believe that they will support each other. As a result, I will summaries below the changes that might occur in the UAE family structure in the coming decade: 1) One will see the configuration built for the family the UAE has changed in the future in terms of style, size, number of children, and is this change in the predominance of the pattern of the nuclear family (small) on the extended family, and the direction of family size to the average number, and the direction of families to reduce the number of children. 2) One will occur on the marriage process in the future some of the changes is the disappearance of the traditional methods of marriage and was accompanied, to be replaced by modern methods, with the attendant arrangements. 3) One will occur on the network of social relations within the family group of changes, is to chill the relationship between spouses, and the predominance of selfishness, love of self to the members of one family. 4) changes in roles of women within the family in the UAE society, where the wife will put a lot of roles that go beyond the traditional form in parenting and care of home affairs, and exercise of women within the family and the UAE in the future to participate more in decision-making process within the family. 5) There would be some changes in the functions carried out by the Emirati family in the future, especially those related to emotional and psychological function and reproduction. 6) There would be the format of the Family Values in the UAE society in the future to some changes, especially those relating to the value of cooperation and solidarity and obedience, as well as the system of religious values and ethics, and values of consumption. 7) Family in UAE society will face some social problems, some of them did not know before, such as: saturation of Western values, and the entry of innovative patterns of crime, and some other extension of the old problems, but it will worsen in the future, such as family disputes. 8) One will see the Emirati family in the future escalation to divorce. These above changes might occur in the near future. If you open the news paper on daily basis you will see that some of these issues are being discussed. I think there shall be some huge reform from government side and also people to minimize these problems. I would prefer government to establish a strategy to face these problems. In Conclusion, the UAE contemporary society is more likely to face a numbers of social problem and issues due to imbalanced population structure and over speedy construction boom the country is experiencing. As a Solution, government agencies should pay attention to their society and try the limits those issues. In this research paper, I discussed many important aspect of one of the most growing countries in Middle East. I discussed issues that have relationship to cultural studies in Middle East. First, I spoke about the contemporary UAE culture and discussed some of its problems. In that context, I spoke about the national identity issue; also I spoke about how the western society has affected UAE culture. Further, I spoke about marriage in UAE in the past, and the end I spoke about family structure and how that structure is changing from nuclear to extended family. Finally, I gave some recommendation and changes that might occur in UAE society in the near future. Work cited http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/United-Arab-Emirates.html http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/06/09/14/10067514.html (2 http://www.communicaid.com/access/pdf/library/culture/doing-business-in/Doing%20Business%20in%20the%20UAE.pdf http://www.lahaonline.com/index.php?option=contenttask=viewid=913 http://www.emartyvision.com/vb/showthread.php?t=26 http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=26C14DDA8FF15E35979E7AED0FAE7FA0.inst2_1a?docId=5010976997

Prejudice in To Kill A Mocking Bird Essay -- essays research papers

The novel to Kill a Mockingbird, is about a young girl named Jean Louise Finch. She is also known as Scout. Scout experiences different events that change her life. Scout and her brother Jem are being raised by their father, a lawyer named Atticus and a housekeeper named Calpumia in a small town called Maycomb. In the South racism and discriminations towards black was a big issue . The story begins when Scout and her brother, become fascinated with a mysterious man known as Boo Radley. Scout and Jem meet boy named Dill who comes from Mississippi to spend the summers there. Jem quickly tells the story of Boo Radley to young Dill. Boo Radley, a man in his thirties who has not been seen outside of his home in years, mainly because of upbringing. They have an impression of Mr. Radley as being this large ugly and evil man. Then comes the accusation of Tom Robinson. Scout?s father,Atticus, becomes a defense attorney for a black man, Tom Robinson, who is falsely accused of raping a white wo man. This has a big affect on Scout. During this trial she gets teased by school-mates because her fat...

Children can’t be disciples so they can’t be Christians either Essay

I believe this statement has many argues for and against this view, I will be looking at both sides of this argument and producing my view. It is very hard when discussing Christianity and in which the age of someone is defined a child or adult, in the Christian world, is a child judged as an adult at the young age of 5 or 6? When a child is confirmed at the age of 14 or 15? Or is when you are legally classified as an adult at the age of 18? But who can put the boundaries on faith, religion and your own personal beliefs? In Marks Gospel we learn that we should have child like qualities, this is telling us that child like qualities is what we need to be a good Christian, Honesty, enthusiasm, trust no matter what the case may be but then on the other hand they may not be spiritually and intellectually developed yet and be able to understand the aspects of being a Christian and disciple of Jesus, they believe in such things as Father Christmas, the Easter Bunny Rabbit and the tooth fairy their beliefs for that is strong. They have faith in these and great enthusiasm but to their knowledge all of this is real not make belief therefore they can not have the complete commitment and understanding of being a Christian but they can learn and develop into one. Some may say that Children are more like Christians then anyone because they disciplined, they attended church, say there prayers and tend not to commit crimes and obey by the 10 commandments as adults tend to be able to do that more. Children such as baby’s cannot make a commitment for life and decide for themselves so they can be baptised and Godparents and parents will help guide you to Jesus until you can make your own decision and choose to get confirmed which is a positive response. A faith of a child can come from their parents who have faith but then how can these young people be able to understand it unless you have experienced something to believe it, which is the case in many stories, so then†¦ When children have had a life changing experience are they criticised for not knowing how to be a Christian? Children may be selfish as they need a lot of care and it is all about themselves but they can do kind deeds spend time with disabled people and do kind gestures which is all about being a disciple of Jesus and following the nature of discipleship in the beginning in Marks Gospel. Based on these arguments I believe to an extent that children can be disciples of Jesus and good Christians because as long as they believe and act as a Christian they have hope and faith in God, and in time their knowledge will grow as they follow the foot steps of Jesus.

Battle of Omdurman

Battle of Omdurman The battle of Omdurman took place on the 2nd of September 1898. It was a decisive battle that established the power of the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium government on the territory of the present-day Sudan:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Battle of Omdurman specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"In 1898 Kitchener led a force of 8,200 British troops, 17,600 Sudanese and Egyptians up the Nile to capture a city in the Sudan called Omdurman, the Dervish capital across the river from Khartoum† (â€Å"The Battle of Omdurman-Sudan 1898† n. pg.). As a result, the state of Sudan was destroyed and the territory became a British colony, This reconquest was a major international event in both African and European contexts† (Spiers 9).This battle predetermined future historical development of the country. The results of the battle made its contribution to current developments in international security policy. â⠂¬Å"The Battle of Omdurman is perhaps the best known single episode of the Sudan campain† (Keown-Boyd 95). Before analyzing the results and influence of the battle, we should explore the historical background of it. So, today Sudan is the largest country of the Arab world which is situated in the northeastern Africa. As Levy and Latif write in their book Sudan, â€Å"It is a place where African and Arab cultures mingle, Sudan is home to a physically, religiously, and culturally diverse people† (5). This diversity is the result of a historical development of the country. For a very long time it was under the Turco-Egyptian rule. Since 1821 till 1881, â€Å"the south of Sudan was now open for the first time to the sustainable influence of the north, and trading networks were established. (Peters 15). Under the Egypt governance, the infrastructure of Sudan’s economy improved greatly, especially in cotton production. After 1882, when the British Empire occupied the territory of Egypt, the Khedivial government was established in the country with its corruption. When Europeans introduced the company against the slave trade, the economic development of the country decreased which resulted in economic crisis.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It was one of the leading factors that caused the rise of Mahdist forces, who had two major victories in 1885, â€Å"when they captured Kassala and Sennar† (Featherstone 7). Mahdi was a religious leader who managed to lead the northern tribes to a successful fight against the Turco-Egyptian rule. In 1884, the British government offered to general Gordon to evacuate Egyptian people, but the operation was unsuccessful. â€Å"The Mahdists held power for 13 years while Britain and other colonial powers conquered other regions of Africa† (Levy and Latif 27) and in this time, the his government did nothing to restore a social order in the country. General Herbert Kitchener was sent to Sudan and it was under his commandment when the country was invaded by the Anglo-Egyptian army under his rule. In the battle of Omdurman, â€Å"Major General Sir Herbert Kitchener defeated the Mahdist forces under the command of Abdullah el-Taaishi† (Boddy-Evans n. pg.). Kitchener’s forces moved slowly, they occupied Dongala. Mahdi did not consider the attacks as something serious and â€Å"sent 14,000 men to attack the British near Atara† (Hickman n. pg.). The success of the British army was guaranteed as they were equipped with the latest military defense technology, â€Å"The Khalifas plan of attack appears to have been complex and ingenious. It was, however, based on an extraordinary miscalculation of the power of modern weapons; with the exception of this cardinal error, it is not necessary to criticize it† (Churchill 270). The battle continued for several hours u ntil the whole army of Khalif was destroyed. The battle was a starting point for establishing of the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium: â€Å"Some measure of relief would only arrive with the defeat of Mahdist forces at the Battle of Omdurman in 1898 followed by the formation of the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium government† (Miner n. pg.). During the Anglo-Egyptian rule, the major focus of the economical development was on the rise of agriculture. In 1922 â€Å"closed areas† were introduced in some regions on order to control the â€Å"internal slave trade†. In addition, :restrictions on work and travel were used in some provinces to control the spread of Muslim influence† (Peters 16).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Battle of Omdurman specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By the mid 1930th, two regions of the country, North and South, became almost fully separated from each other. By the 1946, the road to independence was opened. The British government was trying to prevent the claims of Egypt to control Sudan and began the program that should be resulted in the independence of Sudan from Egypt. In 1954, Sudan became an independent state. The consequences of the battle influenced on the current development of the international security politics. The major task is to maintain peace and prevent internal and external military conflicts and enhance human security, â€Å"What is fundamentally important is to acknowledge that ‘reconciliation’ at all politico-social levels, including at a grass-root level within different communities, is the key to ending conflict and reconstructing peace† (Inoguchi n. pg.) In addition, Sudanese intellectuals should thing about the reasons why after 50 years of independence from Britain, â€Å"we are still unable reach a consensus on a way to govern the country that will allow all Sudanese to contribute to its social and economic dev elopment† (Mohamed 1). Thus, the results of the battle of Omdurman had a great influence on the further historical and political development of the country and influenced on the current developments in international security politics. Boddy-Evans, Alistair. Battle of Omdurman. 2 Sep. 2009. Web. Hickman, Kennedy. Mahdist War: Battle of Omdurman. About.com Guide. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Churchill, Winston S. The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan. San Diego: Icon Group International, Inc., 2008. Featherstone, Donald. Omdurman 1898: Kitcheners victory in the Sudan. London: Osprey Publishing, 1993. Inoguchi, Kuniko. Conference on the Implementation, By the Arab States, of the UN Programme of Action on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons. 18 Dec. 2003. Web. Keown-Boyd, Henry. A Good Dusting: a Centenary Review of the Sudan Campaigns 1883-1899. New York: Leo Cooper in association with Secker Warburg, 1986. Levy, Patricia, and Zawiah Abdul Latif. Sudan. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2007 Miner, Edward. The Historical Background of Missionary Activity in the Southern Sudan. 29 Aug. 2003. Web. Mohamed, Hafiz. Attack of Omdurman the Ramification for Sudan. Web. Peters, Chris. Sudan: a Nation in the Balance. Oxfam: Oxfam, 1996. Spiers, Edward M. Sudan: the Reconquest Reappraised. New York: Routledge, 1998. â€Å"The Battle of Omdurman-Sudan 1898†. 22 Nov. 2002. Web.

Death Speech- a Streetcar Named Desire Essays

Death Speech- a Streetcar Named Desire Essays Death Speech- a Streetcar Named Desire Paper Death Speech- a Streetcar Named Desire Paper Essay Topic: A Streetcar Named Desire Blanche’s death speech plays a vital role in the development of the play â€Å"A Streetcar named Desire†. In the monologue the tension between Blanche and Stella comes to a zenith as Blanch explodes with rage as she expresses her jealousy-driven feelings to Stella. In doing so Blanche reveals much more, including her unstable mental state, her emotional reaction to the lost of Belle Reve, and most importantly her preoccupation with the theme of death. One of the roles of this excerpt is to provide the background towards understanding Blanche, and the justifications for her mental state and actions. It is evident that in the past she belonged to a higher class where extravagance was common. But when her family in Belle Reve gradually died off, not only did she have to experience the pain of losing her loved ones, but she was also left with no money or financial aid to keep the estate and ultimately was forced to let it go. Blanche defends herself by figuratively saying that the grim reaper put up his tent right on her doorstep and that is how â€Å"it slipped through my (Blanche’s) fingers†. She even goes on to accuse Stella of dealing with the crisis by â€Å"ignoring† it and moving on, hence leaving Blanche to deal with an unbearable burden. This is most obvious when she rhetorically asks Stella, â€Å"I let the place go?† This quote aids in leading the audience to perceive that it was Stella that let the estate go by not trying to help the situation. To accentuate her point Blanche brings up the irony of her being â€Å"at the bed when they (her family) cried out hold me† while condemning Stella for being â€Å"In bed with your (Stella) Polak.† During the speech there are numerous indications that prove Blanche was deeply hurt by her experience at Belle Reve. Firstly, the seemingly unnecessary long explanation in itself demonstrates the importance of Belle Reve to Blanche. Secondly, the frustration and anger she expresses with Stella highlights the importance of their home to her. Throughout the piece Blanche repeats words and phrases many times underlining her fury. For example, at the beginning she says, â€Å"I, I, I†, in the middle she utters â€Å"I saw,  Saw! Saw!† and in the end cries â€Å"I let the place go!, I let the place go?† Thirdly, it seems as if Blanche is accusing Stella of blaming her for losing Belle Reve when in the book Stella simply asks about what happened. This becomes clear when Blanche reproaches Stella by telling her: â€Å"And you sit there telling me with your eyes that I let the place go† and â€Å"Yes accuse me! Sit and stare at me thinking I let the place go!† This sort of presumptuous attitude and thinking influences the reader to assume that Blanche is unable to let go. In addition when Blanche says â€Å"I took the blows in my face and body†¦Farther, Margret, Mother†¦had to be burnt like rubbish† she is also directly conveying her agony. It is clear that Tennessee Williams carefully crafted this specific speech to introduce the theme of death, of which is recurrent in the course of the play. He makes sure to describe the devastation of having to deal with death through Blanche. â€Å"Funerals are quiet but deaths- not always†, â€Å"Sometimes they even cry out to you, ‘Don’t let me go’†, â€Å"Unless you were there at the bed when they cried out ‘Hold me’ you would never suspect there was a struggle for breath and breathing†, and â€Å"Why the Grim Reaper set up his tent on our doorstep† are some quotes that specifically and profoundly relate to the subject of Death. After reading these quotes and knowing that Tennessee Williams suffered from hypochondria (a cynical fear of death and diseases), one could decipher that Blanche’s mindset in this case is almost an emulation of the playwright himself. Due to the structure of the speech one could infer that the body language of Blanche goes from grief to anger to resentment and conclusively to disgust as she ends with that derogatory word â€Å"Polak†. As you can see Williams cleverly structures this one speech to portray and provide lots of valuable information about Blanche’s current state and past life; this in turn foreshadows her inner and external conflicts as the book progresses.

Social and Ethical Dimensions of Information and communication Research Paper

Social and Ethical Dimensions of Information and communication Technology - Research Paper Example This in turn has lead to job displacements in huge numbers. The use of information communication technology requires less deployment of man power which in turn has forced some companies to reduce their workforce, while others giving their employees more roles than required with fewer benefits which lead to increased work pressure. In a business environment, security is a serious issue of consideration as a result of increased cases of theft and related vices. In effort to curbing the challenge of insecurity, surveillance cameras developed with proper databases are installed to monitor and survey the environment and activities through this technology. In many nations, Closed Camera Televisions are commonly used in crimes department to deal with crime cases. Besides having high security benefits, introduction of CCTV has nevertheless resulted to infringement of privacy and freedoms of various individuals within the area under surveillance. This is because privacy is an important aspect and a fundamental human right. The dilemma in this case here is that, the introduction of Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) has enhanced security and the expense of individuals’ freedom and privacy. Consequently, the installation of CCTV in public places has deteriorated human privacy and freedom. Reviewing J.S. Mill’s perspective of utilitarianism, the importance of the introduction and use of CCTV is judged by its effects2. The numerous positive consequences that have come along with the introduction of CCTV in the society, it is well seen that CCTV has highly assisted in curbing crimes hence many private companies view the use of CCTV surveillance as a good idea judged by the fact of its practical benefits. As a result, it is arguable that CCTV is helping should remain in place for its benefits. Secondly, comparing the issue of high security to deteriorated privacy, CCTV’s advantages outweigh the disadvantages. The challenge is whether CCTV should remain in position

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words - 1

Business Plan - Essay Example Modern concept of marketing is different from the traditional concept. According to modern view, marketing consists of sensing, stimulating, servicing and satisfying the needs and wants of present and potential customers in more effective and efficient manner than its competitors. The modern concept of marketing holds that the key task of organization is to determine the needs wants and values of the customers and to adopt the organization to delivering the desired satisfaction more effectively and efficiently than its competitors. There are two key elements in this concept. (b) Integrating the marking planning and control with those of other departments (like manufacturing, finance purchase, inventory control, personnel research and development) keeping in view the ultimate goal of customers’ satisfaction. It may be noted that the customers expect satisfaction not only in terms of genuine and wholesome products and services but also several other considerations such as prompt and regular supply of production/services reasonable price, availability of efficient after sales service and so on. â€Å"Marketing management is the analysis, planning, implementation and control of programmes designed to create, build maintain mutually beneficial exchanges and relationship with target markets for the purpose of achieving organizational goals.† 3M Company Learning System is a new generation of microcomputer-aided education device that uses an innovative dot matrix coding technology to combine traditional paper book with microprocessor technology for electronic publishing. The system consists of textbooks printed with dot matrix codes as light background and/or as small icons inserted between texts, an electronic pen with optical sensor, a hand-held device with microprocessor, and a flash memory card stored with digital audio contents of paper textbooks. The dot matrix coding system and the speech processing and comparison was first-time innovation that