Growing up through child abuse and neglect Essay

Numerous individuals don't understand how a kid experiencing childhood in an oppressive or ignored family unit influences their future. Individuals experience difficult situations concealing it from the world; covertly trusting somebody gets some answers concerning their story and causes them. There are numerous youngsters all through the world that don't have the foggiest idea what it resembles growing up with an ordinary parental figure. They go ordinary carrying on with the existence they live wanting to receive in return. Youngsters that are manhandled or disregarded go for a long time agonizing over when they will eat straightaway, be seen ordinary, feel exceptional, and feel adored once more. Kids that experience childhood in a harsh/ignored family unit don't grow up with the right method of child rearing. Generally the youngster winds up floating towards someone else or thing that encourages them get past their disaster. Jeannette in The Glass Castle is a youngster that experi ences existence with her two kin being disregarded by her folks. She battles to escape Welch and move to New York to begin her life once again. In Damaged, Jodie is a kid that has been manhandled since she was exceptionally youthful. She has experienced cultivate home after encourage home till she meets Cathy. In the third book, A Stolen Life, Jaycee is captured at eleven years old and is mishandled by her ruffian Phillip. She has two of his youngsters by the age of seventeen and is compelled to live with the way that she will conceivably not have the option to see her family once more. Each of the three of these books give us that despite the fact that you have different harsh fixes in your life, you can generally discover motivation to continue pushing ahead. In The Glass Castle, Damaged, and A Stolen life, three young ladies experience misuse and disregard as a kid, yet can beat it with the assistance of floating towards another figure. In the books The Glass Castle, Damaged, and A Stolen Life, the characters’ misuse and disregard in the family is extremely differing. These three books talk about the fact that it is so difficult to live with a parental figure that doesn't genuinely think about you. They experience life attempting to make sense of what they are worth and why this is transpiring. Jeannette, Jodie, and Jaycee are three little youngsters attempting to discover their part in this world wanting to escape their family disasters. Numerous individuals experience life experiencing childhood in a family unit loaded with misuse. Kids can be mishandled by their parental figures from multiple points of view. It very well may be boisterous attack, physical maltreatment, and mental maltreatment. On the off chance that a kid is being manhandled it as a rule begins at a youthful age and goes up till somebody gets some answers concerning it or they wind up moving out. Youngsters will in general shroud what's going on to themâ because they think it isn't as terrible as it seems to be. Numerous grown-ups that are injurious to their youngsters were mishandled when they were youthful. â€Å"Brian, his cheeks wet with tears, was holding his hands defensively between his legs† (Walls 146). In The Glass Castle, Jeannette’s grandma attempts to manhandle her younger sibling Brian. As a result of her doing this, it makes the youngsters believe that she manhandled their dad when he was a kid. At the point when kids discover that their companion is being mishandled, they attempt to shroud it as much as possible since they would prefer not to be the individual to get their companion in a difficult situation. In Damaged, the young lady in the story is a youngster that has been taken into child care. After her eight years of being mishandled, she is at long last removed from the home Jodie has been manhandled by various grown-ups, people; her mom and father, and their companions. This book has numerous things that manage maltreatment in the family unit. â€Å"Taking off my clothes† (Glass 60). Jodie wants to take her garments off when Cathy goes to snap her photo to place into her scrapbook. Jodie attempts to take her garments off in light of the fact that when she lived with her mom and father they would mishandle her and take photos of her and other kids stripped. Since this has begun at such a youthful age, Jodie feels that it is totally typical to act in this conduct. At the point when grown-ups begin manhandling their kids at such a youthful age, they grow up believing that it is alright to do these things and that each family does it. Youngsters that will in general be mishandled just recollect certain pieces of what has befallen them. This is on the grounds that they shut down their cerebrum with the goal that they can be there genuinely however not intellectually. This will in general hinder their development and this is the reason Jodie is a three to multi year old in a multi year old body. At the point when kids are exceptionally youthful, their improvement doesn't begin as quick as non-manhandled youngsters making at that point be in more slow classes during school and not having the option to work appropriately. (Guli, et. al.) Children need assistance with their turn of events and they ought not be manhandled in any sort of way. Youngsters that are manhandled in the family will in general shroud what is new with them at school. Youngsters don't prefer to mention to individuals what is befalling them since they don't need individuals to take a gander at them abnormal or somebody telling their folks. The youngster is in a tough situation at home, he/she doesn't need it to be at school as well. Kids feel like school is their â€Å"get away† from the truth. Kids would prefer not to feel like they are bringingâ â€Å"drama† into the homeroom and they would prefer not to have the entirety of the consideration towards them. In the book The Glass Castle, Jeannette attempts to conceal how poor her family is at school. She doesn't care for the manner in which the children take a gander at her during class in view of what she is wearing. Despite the fact that she isn’t manhandled at home, she is as yet ignored and not dealt with. â€Å"One day that winter, I went to a classmate’s house to take a shot at a school project† (Walls 179). While Jeannette was at their home she was stunned at how large it was and how they had a cooler and washers and dryers. She has seen nothing like it since her family is too poor to even think about affording things like that. This is on the grounds that her family would prefer to spend their cash on liquor and craftsmanship supplies for the guardians than dealing with their kids. Jeannette imagines that the children at school ridicule her for what she wears and in light of the fact that she smells. She doesn't care for wearing a similar outfit for a year in a row with just washing it on more than one occasion. Kids nowadays are hesitant about what they resemble around others and on the off chance that they will fit in or not. In an alternate way, Jodie from Damaged likes to educate the understudies in her group concerning what has befallen her. She thinks school is a sheltered spot to be so she is alright with opening up to individuals. She doesn't generally comprehend that what she is stating is improper for school, however with her absence of information she thinks it is alright, Jodie is known to h ave flashbacks of what befallen her the more secure she feels. â€Å"Jodie was sticking to the radiator, her eyes wide and gazing, her body unbending with fear† (Glass 268). Jodie imagines that her dad is going to go to her school and get her as he did when she lived with her family. At the point when she was pretty much nothing and she lived with her folks, her mom and father would get her in their van and he would manhandle her in the back while her mom video taped it. School is a sheltered spot for kids to go when they are beign mishandled at home. They are dealt with and feel like they have a feeling of direction being there learning. They are dealt with by instructors that have a unique bond with every single understudy they have. In A Stolen Life, Jaycee Dugard is seized at eleven years old and lives with her hostage for a long time. She quit going to class around then and has passed up numerous youth exercises. At the point when she was fourteen she had her first little girl. Her second came before long. After the eighteen years of being shrouded it was her first daughter’s go to go to secondary school. â€Å"Walking the corridors of the highâ school grounds raised sentiments of distress for what I had lost† (Dugard 142). Jaycee needed to ex perience life thinking about what it resembles to got to a secondary school and she was always unable to go. She was kind of envious that her little girl can experience the experience she didn't. At the point when you are a grown-up and you don't get the chance to go to a secondary school or do anything with your youth, you pass up a piece of your lifetime that you will never get back. Individuals experience childhood in homes that are dismissed. It isn't as extreme as misuse yet it is quite close. Numerous individuals don't understand how much disregard can affect an individual. Disregard can happen when the guardians are not giving their kid the passionate consideration they need. The parent should gracefully food, garments and sanctuary for their youngster. Disregard fits into A Glass Castle impeccably. The guardians don't give an appropriate hosue or any nourishment for their three children. The guardians make them rest in cardboard boxes in light of the fact that they can't bear the cost of beds. The guardians could likewise not hold a solid employment causing them to need to move out of their homes on different occasions. â€Å"We checked eleven spots we had lived, at that point we lost track† (Walls 48). By the age of four, Jeannette had moved multiple times since her dad lost his employment and couldn't cover the house tab. Before the bank could reco rd the charge they would move so they couldn't discover them. The entirety of this moving makes it unthinkable for her and her kin to experience childhood in a steady home, school and town. In light of their absence of cash, they couldn't bear to purchase nourishment for quite a long time. The children would starve till the day their father got back home subsequent to winning cash from betting, at that point more often than not he would utilize it on liquor. Grown-ups that disregard their kids as a rule were not given the consideration that they required as a youngster so it is the main way they realizes how to raise them. In some cases disregard can be from a stage parent. They feel that since the youngster isn't theirs then they don't have to give it as much consideration as their own kids. â€Å"I anticipate going to class most days since it gives personal time away from the entirety of his faultfinder

Bollywood Sociology for Indian Fashion and Culture- myassignmenthelp

Question: How Fashion Changed Over Time in Bollywood Answer: Presentation Indian culture can be characterized as one of the most extravagant and most established as India has an antiquated legacy. Presently, India has more than 1 billion populace and there are numerous celebrations which happen every year. This decent variety makes the Indian culture complex and India has long design history. As there are numerous gatherings, clans and strict individuals live in India, the design feeling of Indian is recognized. Indians have an antiquated attire design convention; also, the 90s saw quick development in style sense. Expanding introduction of westernization and worldwide design affected the Indian culture. Monetary advancement is one reason of society's development in design. Post-freedom society for the most part centered around conventional structure and material that prompted the design of ethnic dressing. Notwithstanding, as of late, Indian culture and Indian Bollywood industry follow the reception of western culture and style. Bollywood films are a giga ntic piece of the way of life of India and these show various parts of Indian culture and its design detects (Desai et al. 2015). Generally, Bollywood is getting more modernize with the pinch of westernization. Bollywood is losing its way of life of Indianness In the beginning period, Indian film set its Bollywood style of design through Bhanu Athaiya as he began exploring different avenues regarding Indian outfit plans. His works of design in Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (1962), Teesri Manzil (1966) set the precedents in Bollywood and Indian mass market followed the style. Since the hour of Anarkali Suits, Sadhana Cut (body-embracing sleeveless salwar), Mumtaz Saree, Retro-style Bell-bottoms, Bobby Print, Bollywood consistently made new utilizing Indian design and culture. As of late, Indian female on-screen characters are currently following the retro style and imitated the old design. Chiffon Saris was in design for days of yore and still, it is one of the pioneers in Bollywood. Be that as it may, with the time, western outfits are taking the style from Indian culture. Sonam Kapoor, ostensibly best-dressed on-screen character in late time in Bollywood utilizes western dress to display her elegant looks. Priyanka Chopra follows the western dres sing sense to adapt up to Hollywood culture and films. Indian champions are attempting to make thin looks, sparkling skin and an incredible grin. Their developed, treats hued dress, minis and least saris make the Bollywood divas westernized. In any case, the dash of Indian culture is getting brought down in Bollywood movies and champions favored short dresses, thin legs and high heels make them less Bollywood, more westernized. The Recent style feeling of combining Indian ethnic wear with western culture is stylish (Singh and Gupta 2014). Kareena Kapoors Patiala-ShahiSalwar with long T-shirt is one such case of this and Indian crowds like this by making this pattern an enormous hit. Long kurta with blue denim for the Indian entertainer is popular pair of dresses in onscreen, alongside this Bohemian styling is new design patterns for Indian film. Absence of Indianness is demonstrated the reality with dissolving towards the multiethnic gathering with receptive design is self-evident. Design in dress isn't all, Indian film stars are following westernized hair styles and in music, the sound is increasingly similar to the Western tune. Westernization of Bollywood design In a past time, When Indian entertainers and on-screen characters wore straightforward dresses and Indian masses could distinguish them with style and culture. Presently, Indian individuals are increasingly taught and they are getting progressively used to with Westernized culture. Mass individuals need to see such western touch in Bollywood films additionally and Bollywood forms and name motion pictures are westernized likewise (Arora 2014). The cinema of Indian film lobbies and TVs are demolishing the customary design sense. Customary dhoti-kurta is past days and pants, shirts and suits are in design. Ways of life of individuals are changed now and style of design in every day life is changed moreover. Bollywood style planners like Manish Malhotra, Sabyasachi Mukherjee, Vikram Phadnis and Suriley Goel have faith in blending western and Indian design sensibilities. Indian film industry made itself liberated from the servitude of British impact and made its own personality, in any ca se, in late inundation of westernization, the free culture is getting lowered (Skeptikai.com 2017). The language, the dressing, the storyline and even the names of the motion pictures are impacted by the western culture in Bollywood. Indian film is turning out to be westernized not for focusing on the worldwide market nor to offer outsiders, however to target for the most part the Indian individuals. Indian culture and society are chiefly request western design, culture, music and style. As expressed by Davis (2014), design for the most part as a style or arrangement of dress that encodes introduction of the body. Besides, design for the most part worries of introduction of body and the messages it bears through this. Bollywood industry is innovators in India for style and open follow the pattern in the mass market. Globalization and Bollywood Bollywood gets worldwide as the quantity of discharged films in India is expanding and the market is extending. Bollywood is contending in the International market. Bollywood is presently speaking to more extensive crowds through western contacts to Hollywood motion pictures. A case of 1990s Bollywood blockbuster film was Aashiqui and on that film, youthful grown-ups wore westernized garments and female characters wore dressed that passed her knees. In 2000, another blockbuster film named Kaho Na Pyar Hai, lead film stars wore westernized dress and skin was uncovered. Above all, champion wore two-piece tops. Lately, another pioneer film was I Hate Luv Storys (2010), the name additionally recommended the western touch. The clothing of leads was amazingly western and it imitated what ordinarily be found in movies of Hollywood. As of late, Indian honor giving capacities are held in abroad where numerous western famous people stay present. The dressing style of on-screen characters and e ntertainers progressively like westernized, it shows western culture has an adverse impact in Bollywood. India has celebrated media to interface with the open that is film and Bollywood are attempting to do the equity of this. Nonetheless, Western culture and impacts are an excessive number of and Indian customs are lost. In a past time, style, culture and heartfelt music were the core of Indian music, for the present, this bit of the heartbeat is absent. The craving to follow western-like subjects has legitimately influenced the westernized style in films. Reference List Arora, S., 2014. Globalized Frames of Indian Fashion.Global Studies Journal,6(1), pp.23-29 Davis, F., 2014.Fashion, culture, and personality. College of Chicago Press. Desai, J., Dudrah, R. also, Rai, A., 2005. Bollywood crowds editorial.South Asian Popular Culture,3(2), pp.79-82. Rao, S., 2010. I need an Indian touch: Glocalization and Bollywood Films. Diary of International and Intercultural Communication, 3(1), pp.1-19. Singh, J. what's more, Gupta, K., 2014. Bollywood and Fashion Trends in India: A Longitudinal Study. Universal Journal of logical research and the executives (IJSRM), 2(1), pp.491-495 Skeptikai.com. 2017.Bollywood Zombies and The Westernization of Indian Pop Culture | Skeptikai. Accessible at: https://skeptikai.com/2013/04/10/bollywood-zombies-and-the-westernization-of-indian-mainstream society/[Accessed on 19 Sep. 2017].

How to Recognize the Signs That Someone Is Lying

How to Recognize the Signs That Someone Is Lying Theories Social Psychology Print How to Recognize the Signs That Someone Is Lying By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on November 27, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on November 27, 2019 JAG IMAGES / Getty Images More in Theories Social Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Lying and deception are common human behaviors. Until relatively recently, there has been little actual research into just how often people lie. Some surveys have suggested that as many as 96% of people admit to lying at least sometimes. One national study of 1,000 U.S. adults found that 60% of respondents claimed that they did not lie at all.?? Instead, the researchers found that about half of all lies were told by just 5% of all the subjects. The study suggests that while prevalence rates may vary, there likely exists a small group of very prolific liars. The reality is that most  people lie from time to time. Some of these lies are little white lies intended to protect someone else’s feelings (“No, that shirt does not make you look fat!”). In other cases, these lies can be much more serious (like lying on a resume) or even sinister (covering up a crime).? Verywell / Brianna Gilmartin Lying Can Be Hard to Detect People are surprisingly bad at detecting lies. One study, for example, found that people were only able to accurately detect lying 54% of the time in a lab settingâ€"hardly impressive considering a 50% hit rate purely by chance alone.?? Other studies have shown that even trained investigators are remarkably poor at telling if someone is lying or telling the truth. Clearly, behavioral differences between honest and lying individuals are difficult to discriminate and measure. Researchers have attempted to uncover different ways of detecting lies. While there may not be a simple, tell-tale sign that  someone is dishonest  (like Pinocchio’s nose), researchers have found a few helpful indicators.? Like many things, though, detecting a lie often comes down to one thingâ€"trusting your instincts. By knowing what signs might accurately detect a lie and learning how to heed your own gut reactions, you may be able to become better at spotting falsehoods. Signs of Lying Psychologists have utilized research on body language and deception to help members of law enforcement distinguish between the truth and lies. Researchers at UCLA conducted studies on the subject in addition to analyzing 60 studies on deception in order to develop recommendations and training for law enforcement.?? The results of their research were published in the American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry. Red Flags That Someone May Be Lying A few of the potential red flags the researchers identified that might indicate that people are deceptive include:Being vague; offering few detailsRepeating questions before answering themSpeaking in sentence fragmentsFailing to provide specific details when a story is challengedGrooming behaviors such as playing with hair or pressing fingers to lips Lead researcher R. Edward Geiselman suggests that while detecting deception is never easy, quality training can improve a persons ability to detect lies: Without training, many people think they can detect deception, but their perceptions are unrelated to their actual ability. Quick, inadequate training sessions lead people to over-analyze and to do worse than if they go with their gut reactions. Tips for Identifying Lying If you suspect that someone might not be telling the truth, there are a few strategies you can use that might help distinguish fact from fiction. Dont Rely on Body Language Alone When it comes to detecting lies, people often focus on body language “tells,” or subtle physical and behavioral signs that reveal deception. While body language cues can sometimes hint at deception, research suggests that many of the most expected behaviors are not strongly associated with lying. Researcher Howard Ehrlichman, a psychologist who has been studying eye movements since the 1970s, has found that eye movements do not signify lying at all. In fact, he suggests that shifting eyes mean that a person is thinking, or more precisely, that he or she is accessing their long-term memory.?? Other studies have shown that while individual signals and behaviors are useful indicators of deception, some of the ones most often linked to lying (such as eye movements) are among the worst predictors. So while body language can be a useful tool in the detection of lies, the key is to understand which signals to pay attention to. Focus On the Right Signals One meta-analysis found that while people do often rely on valid cues for detecting lies, the problem might lie with the weakness of these cues as deception indicators in the first place.?? Some of the most accurate deception cues that people do pay attention to include: Being vague: If the speaker seems to intentionally leave out important details, it might be because they are lying.Vocal uncertainty: If the person seems unsure or insecure, they are more likely to be perceived as lying.Indifference: Shrugging, lack of expression, and a bored posture can be signs of lying since the person is trying to avoid conveying emotions and possible tells.Overthinking: If the individual seems to be thinking too hard to fill in the details of the story, it might be because they are deceiving you. The lesson here is that while body language may be helpful, it is important to pay attention to the right signals. Experts suggest that relying too heavily on such signals may impair the ability to detect lies. Ask Them to Tell Their Story in Reverse Lie detection is often seen as a passive process. People often assume that they can just observe the potential liar’s body language and facial expressions to spot obvious “tells.” While research has shown that this is a pretty bad way to detect lies, taking a more active approach to uncovering lies can yield better results.? Research suggests that asking people to report their stories in reverse order rather than chronological order can increase the accuracy of lie detection.?? Verbal and non-verbal cues that distinguish between lying and truth-telling may become more apparent as cognitive load increases. Lying is more mentally taxing than telling the truth. If you add even more cognitive complexity, behavioral cues may become more apparent. Not only is telling a lie more cognitively demanding, but liars typically exert much more mental energy toward monitoring their behaviors and evaluating the responses of others. They are concerned with their credibility and ensuring that other people believe their stories. All this takes a considerable amount of effort, so if you throw in a difficult task (like relating their story in reverse order), cracks in the story and behavioral tells might become easier to spot. In one study, 80 mock suspects either told the truth or lied about a staged event. Some of the individuals were asked to report their stories in reverse order while others simply told their stories in chronological order. The researchers found that the reverse order interviews revealed more behavioral clues to deception. In a second experiment, 55 police officers watched taped interviews from the first experiment and were asked to determine who was lying and who was not. The investigation revealed that law enforcement officers were better at detecting lies in the reverse order interviews than they were in the chronological interviews. Trust Your Instincts According to the results one study, your immediate gut reactions might be more accurate than any conscious lie detection you might attempt. In the study, researchers had 72 participants watch videos of interviews with mock crime suspects.?? Some of these suspects had stolen a $100 bill from off a bookshelf while others had not, yet all of the suspects were told to tell the interviewer that they had not taken the money. Similar to previous studies, the participants were pretty bad at detecting lies, only accurately identifying the liars 43% of the time and the truth-tellers 48% of the time. But the researchers also utilized implicit behavioral reaction time tests to assess the participants more automatic and unconscious responses to the suspects. What they discovered was that the subjects were more likely to unconsciously associate words like dishonest and deceitful with the suspects that were actually lying. They were also more likely to implicitly associate words like valid and honest with the truth-tellers. The results suggest that people may have an unconscious, intuitive idea about whether someone is lying. So if our gut reactions might be more accurate, why are people not better at identifying dishonesty? Conscious responses might interfere with our automatic associations. Instead of relying on our instincts, people focus on the stereotypical behaviors that they often associate with lying such as fidgeting and lack of eye contact. Overemphasizing behaviors that unreliably predict deceptions makes it more difficult to distinguish between truth and lies. A Word From Verywell The reality is that there is no universal, sure-fire sign that someone is lying. All of the signs, behaviors, and indicators that researchers have linked to lying are simply clues that might reveal whether a person is being forthright. Next time you are trying to gauge the veracity of an individuals story, stop looking at the clichéd “lying signs” and learn how to spot more subtle behaviors that might be linked to deception. When necessary, take a more active approach by adding pressure and make telling the lie more mentally taxing by asking the speaker to relate the story in reverse order. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, trust your instincts. You might have a great intuitive sense  of honesty versus dishonesty. Learn to heed those gut feelings.

The Media and Comparative Politics - 550 Words

Today, in our society, a major form of educating the public is through media. Media is constantly playing key roles for our political system along with informing the public with crucial knowledge about other countries. It has helped changed the way the human population interacts with each other as well as developing a more unified opinion among the subjects, which it affects. Media is a form of communicating with one another that tries to provoke a certain message. Usually it is opinionated in some way that persuades the audience to agree with what they are watching. We consider media to be television, radio, magazines, newspapers, etc. All of these forms have one sole purpose and that is to relay a message to its audience. Both positive and negative results can come from this. Usually it manipulates information for ones own benefit. In different governments, politicians as well as interest groups do this on a daily basis to persuade others to support their beliefs. Then media is bro ught up again when discussing comparative politics, playing a crucial role when comparing struggles among State borders. Government has heightened power when using the different forms of media because the dramatic influence the media plays to its viewers. Without the usage of media, we would be unable to obtain important information as fast and we would be unaware of other events taking place in our world. Media today, is what tries to build our world into one globally involved community. One ofShow MoreRelatedComparative Politics Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pagesdetail the reasons why the comparative method is a necessary tool in the belt of any political scientist. Comparative politics is one of three main subfields in political science, alongside political theory and international relations. While political theory deals with theoretical issues about democracy, justice et cetera, comparative politics deals with more empirical questions. 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T Beside of participating in voting, Hong Kongers will organize the protest to fight for their basic needs. In the April of 2013, the workers started the 40 days dock strike in the terminals. There were 450 subcontractors of the Hong

Unesco And The World Heritage List - 1539 Words

UNESCO and the World Heritage List After the devastation created by World War I, and II, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) was founded in 1945. This organization was created as a way to establish peace, based on humanity’s intellectual and moral solidarity. Then in 1972, UNESCO founded the World Heritage Convention as a way to protect sites of exceptional worldwide importance (UNESCO, 2012). This convention was later ratified by 191 countries, making it almost globally accepted. The World Heritage List is made up of outstanding places that are to be safeguarded for future generations. These places include the Pyramids of Egypt, the Galà ¡pagos Islands in Ecuador, as well as the Acropolis in†¦show more content†¦The nomination can then be submitted to the World Heritage Centre for review. Once complete the file can then be sent to the appropriate Advisory Bodies for evaluation. Two Advisory Bodies, both of which evaluate a site being nominated, include th e International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and the World Conservation Union (IUCN). These committees provide evaluations on a site. There is a third Advisory Body known as the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM), which provides expert advice as to the conservation of cultural sites, along with training activities. The World Heritage Committee will then make a final decision on whether a site will receive an inscription. This committee meets once a year to decide upon nominations, and can defer a request. When a site is deferred, it is usually because more information is needed from the state party nominating the location. Standards for selection must include outstanding universal value, and meet a minimum of one of the ten selection criteria (World Heritage Center, 2013:30-31). As stated on UNESCO’s (2012) website, there are 10 criteria for the nomination of World Heritage Sites (Cultural criteria are listed in section I-VI and Natural criteria are placed in VII-X): (I) represent a masterpiece of human creative genius; (II) exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time orShow MoreRelatedWhat it Takes for a Site to be Inscribe on the UNESCO World Heritage List917 Words   |  4 Pagesinscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List is long and complicated. It has four main steps, each of which are a process in themselves: placement on a tentative list, submission of a nomination file, evaluation by an Advisory Body, and a final decision by the World Heritage Committee. The entire process usually takes about a year and a half, but can vary depending of the time taken for each step (World Heritage Ireland, 2010). 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This study will focus on tangible, physical cultural heritage i.e. monuments, groups of buildings and sites as defined by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) in Article 1 of the Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (UNESCO, 1972). The main subjects will be the cities of Dubrovnik and Aleppo during the civil wars. Background The civil wars in CroatiaRead MoreThe Cultural Heritage Of Albania1718 Words   |  7 PagesConsequently, in 1991 at the World Heritage Committee’s Fifteenth Session, they ruled on the Durrà «s Amphitheatre and stated, â€Å"While recognizing the importance of this property as part of the cultural heritage of Albania...it did not meet the criteria for inscription on the World Heritage List as defined for the purposes of the application of the Convention† (Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Fifteenth Session, 1991:30). 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The Great Gatsby †the Unachievable Dream Free Essays

â€Å"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness† is one of the most influential and famous phrases in the United State’s Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence encapsulates the original conception of the American Dream – the notion that every individual, regardless of their social upbringing, could have the opportunity to reach their full potential and live a comfortable lifestyle. F. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Gatsby – the Unachievable Dream or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby takes place during the early 1920s–a time period that demonstrates the pursuit of happiness, opportunity, freedom, equality and finally the American Dream. Myrtle Wilson, a significant character in The Great Gatsby, tries to pursue happiness and her American Dream by satisfying materialistic pleasures on a quest for wealth and status. The protagonist of the novel, Jay Gatsby’s quest for hopeless love, signifies the fallen American Dream. Ultimately Fitzgerald uses symbols such as cars, to represent the American Dream itself, and he uses failed relationships to exemplify the corruption and descent of the American Dream. Through his portrayal of the main characters and symbols, Fitzgerald illustrates the decay of morals and values, exemplifying the underside of the American Dream. Fitzgerald portrays twisted relationships to represent the corrupt American Dream in The Great Gatsby. Emotional intimacy, trust, respect, and mutual goodwill constitute a positive and healthy relationship. To the contrary, the majority of the relationships displayed between the characters are dysfunctional, and diminish the hope of living out a meaningful American Dream with emphasis on a strong family. For example, Tom and Daisy are married, yet Tom has an affair shortly after Tom marries Daisy. Indeed, Daisy is suspicious of Tom’s conduct on a trip they took together to Santa Barbara. If he left the room for a minute she’d look around uneasily and say ‘where’s Tom gone and wore the most abstracted expression until she saw him coming to the door †¦. This was in August. A week after I left Santa Barbara Tom ran into a wagon on the Ventura road one night, and ripped a front wheel off his car. The girl who was with him got into the papers, too, because her arm was broken- she was one of the chamber maids in the Santa Barbara. (Fitzgerald 51) In addition to the unfaithful relationship shared by Tom and Daisy, Daisy has a twisted conception of her daughter. Daisy’s early cynicisms towards her daughter’s life are shown just about an hour after the baby is born, as Daisy says, â€Å"I’m glad it’s a girl. And I hope she’ll be a fool- that’s the best thing a girl could be in this world, a beautiful little fool† (Fitzgerald 12). Likewise, as Daisy’s daughter grows older, the girl is treated like a trophy that Daisy uses for show, and the nurse is left with the responsibilities of the child’s care. (Fitzgerald 77). Like Daisy’s relationship with her daughter, another dysfunctional relationship is between Myrtle and her husband George. When George suspects Myrtle of cheating, he locks her away. This becomes evident when Tom exclaims, â€Å"I’ve got my wife locked away up there† (Fitzgerald 91). Another example of the decline of morals and values in the novel is Nick’s romantic ideation of Jordan Baker, in spite of his established relationship at home (Fitzgerald 40). Most importantly, though, Gatsby has a tragically hopeless dream of obtaining Daisy’s love. He pursues illegal activities in order to gain wealth and to attract Daisy’s affection. Clearly, the multitude of dysfunctional relationships in Fitzgerald’s novel represents the misconstrual of the American Dream. Much like the portrayal of relationships, Fitzgerald uses cars to represent the disintegration of the American Dream. In the 1920’s, cars were extremely popular, coveted by all, and symbolize the vast opportunities available in the United States. Ironically, Myrtle, who seeks American materialism to an extreme degree, ends up getting killed by American materialism itself. Throughout her life, Myrtle possesses a burning desire for money. She ends up giving her life to Tom and getting killed by her own desires (Fitzgerald 93). Through Myrtle’s death, Fitzgerald conveys that dwelling too much on material objects cannot bring about a positive resolution; materialism can only bring about destruction. Destruction and corruption are shown through cars as well. Drinking impairs judgement and decreases inhibitions. Many of the characters drink as a pastime and drive under the influence. Since cars represent the American Dream, and drinking becomes a way of life, one can conclude that the characters go about achieving the American Dream in a misguided and dangerous manner. Myrtle tries to satisfy her desires by seeking wealth and tatus in attempts of achieving her American Dream. Myrtle’s husband, George, owns a car dealership and repair shop in the industrial wasteland of the Valley of Ashes, which depict his lower class. In describing George’s shop, Fitzgerald notes â€Å"The interior was unprosperous and bare; the only car visible was the dust-covered wreck of a Ford which crouched in a di m corner† (Fitzgerald 27). Although George is loyal and hardworking, Myrtle is unsatisfied with her relationship; she envies the East Eggers for living her version of the American Dream while she is stuck in the Valley of Ashes, married to a low class man. Myrtle directly disrespects her husband as she goes after Tom, a high class, wealthy, and married man, living in the East Egg. This is captured by Nick’s description of Myrtle, as he notes, â€Å"She smiled slowly and, walking through her husband as if he were a ghost, shook hands with Tom, looking him flush in the eye†(Fitzgerald 28). In fact, Myrtle demands that George supply chairs so that she and Tom could contrive against George. During Tom’s visit, Myrtle demands: ‘Get some chairs why don’t you so someone can sit down. ‘Oh, sure,’ agreed Wilson hurriedly †¦. A white ashen dust veiled everything in the vicinity- except his wife, Who moved close to Tom. (Fitzgerald 28) Myrtle looks past social values and chooses a life of adultery in spite of the repercussions that her actions have on her husband. Furthermore, not a single character in this novel feels remorse for George when Myrtle blatantly plans to cheat. Indeed Nick and Tom have the following conversation after Myrtle plans her getaway with Tom: ‘It does her good to get away. ’ Doesn’t her husband object? ’ ‘Wilson? He thinks she goes to see her sister in New York. He’s so dumb he doesn’t know he’s alive. ’(Fitzgerald 32) Nick and Tom take George for a fool, and they feel he is vacuous because he is in the lower class. In addition to the treatment of George, Myrtle’s tragic death symbolize America’s obsession with material wealth. Upon hearing a car approaching, Myrtle runs out into the dusk road waving her hands in the air, at which point she is struck and killed by Gastby’s vehicle (Fitzgerald 130). Ironically, Myrtle’s chase for American materialism ended up costing her, her life as she is killed by her own desires in her quest for the American Dream. Jay Gatsby, another victim of his own desires, represents the fallen American Dream in his failed quest to win Daisy, but ends up empty handed in the end and does not receive what he had worked so hard for. Fitzgerald illustrates Gatsby’s strong desires for Daisy very early on, for at the end of chapter one lays our first clue, the green light. Gatsby stretches out his arms toward the dark water and looks at a green light. This green light is just across the water at East Egg, specifically at Daisy’s backyard dock. This may be the first intimation we witness of Gatsby’s passionate dream, but is extremely powerful nonetheless. Gatsby’s tragic flaw is that he believes one can recapture the past and keep a moment crystallized forever. From the moment Gatsby fell in love with Daisy, everything he did was for the sole purpose of winning her. This becomes evident as Jordan explains to Nick, ‘Gatsby bought that house so that Daisy would be just across the bay. (Fitzgerald 76). Jordan further explains to Nick that Gatsby also hopes Daisy would come by one of his parties and be impressed. ‘He wants her to see his house, ‘she explained. ‘And your house is just next door. ’ ‘Oh! ’ ‘I think he half expected her to wander into one of his parties, some night,’ went on Jordan, ‘but she never did. Then he began asking people casually if they knew her, and I was the first one he found. It was that night he sent for me at his dance, and you should have heard the elaborate way he worked up to it. Fitzgerald 77) Gatsby has a blind purist of Daisy and every purchase he makes and party he throws is backing the hopes of attracting her attention. Obviously, Gatsby highly values Daisy and he goes above and beyond to impress her. This statement is further illustrated as Gatsby hires someone to cut Nick’s grass to impress her, on the day that Daisy is going to visit (Fitzgerald 81). As well, upon Daisy’s arrival, Gatsby shows off his big house to her, brags that it only took him three years to earn the money in the drug and oil business, and takes Daisy on a tour (Fitzgerald 87-89). Gatsby deliberately excludes the fact that much of Gatsby’s money to win Daisy over comes from organized crime and bootlegging. Breaking the law and lies become daily activities for Gatsby on his quest to win Daisy over. Gatsby also shows off his wealth by throwing expensive and beautiful shirts left right and centre as if they were a dime a dozen (Fitzgerald 89). This is to suggest that Gatsby is extremely affluent to the point that his money can be thrown around without a care. Later in the novel, Daisy accidently kills Myrtle while driving Gatsby’s car. Nick tries to convince Gatsby that he should flee so that George would not be able to track his car; however Gatsby refuses as Fitzgerald notes, â€Å"He wouldn’t consider it. He couldn’t leave Daisy until he knew her next course of action. He was clutching at some last hope and I couldn’t bear to shake him free† (Fitzgerald 141). Gatsby is simply unable to realize that his dream is not a reality, and by being so focussed on his dream he leads himself further and further into a fantasy world. When Gatsby takes Daisy’s hand he describes her voice as a deathless song (Fitzgerald 93). Evidently, Gatsby’s idealism is replaced by his inability to understand the changing world around him. Gatsby cannot comprehend that time passes and that one cannot keep the past crystallized forever. Fitzgerald uses the clock at Nick’s house to symbolize Gatsby’s delusion. The clock that falls at Nick’s house that was caught by Gatsby before it could hit the ground, suggests that Gatsby feels he could stop the time from passing. Gatsby’s inability to see things for what they really are, are further illustrated by in his remark. â€Å"Cannot repeat the past? he cried incredulously, ‘why of course you can! † (Fitzgerald 106). Ironically, Gatsby becomes a parody of himself in the sense that throughout The Great Gatsby, he cannot wait to distance himself from his true past, but yet he lives his adult life trying to recapture the past he had with Daisy. Gatsby needs to learn that in order to see forward into the future, one must let go of t heir past. Both Daisy and Gatsby go about achieving their dream in a misguided manner, and have been corrupted by their strong desire to achieve their own American Dream. At last, Myrtle, Gatsby, twisted relationships, and cars, serve as symbols illustrating the corruption of the American Dream shown throughout The Great Gatsby. Morals and values decay as the characters seek American materialism driven by self-indulgence. The established and newly rich aim to get even richer and they associate themselves with the high class while looking down on the poor. The working class strive to rise up in wealth and status yet never do as revealed by a song; â€Å"the rich get richer and the poor get- children† (Fitzgerald 92). Ultimately, Fitzgerald himself sets up the American Dream to be unattainable by his characters. A crucial element of the classic American Dream is for individuals to rise up in class based on hard work and merit. In order for this element to be possible, no specific class system may be present. On the contrary, Fitzgerald creates his novel using definite class division systems such as East Egg for the established rich, West Egg for the newly rich, and the Valley of Ashes for the low working class. The dreams of the characters in this novel are to rise in status and class, thus turning their lifelong strive for the American Dream to be paradoxical and consequently unachievable. How to cite The Great Gatsby – the Unachievable Dream, Papers

Star Tv Case Study free essay sample

STAR TV was using asiasat-1 satellite to beam their channel to Asian country. The grand strategy that has been using during this time was growth. The fact is most of the 2. 7 billion people living in the 38 countries extending from Egypt through India to Japan and from the Russian Far east to Indonesia do not have television sets and satellite dishes. Yet STAR TV has debuted 24-hour all sports television program, beaming the U. S Open Tennis tournament via satellite to these potential audiences in Asia. The five channels being offered were Sports, News, Music TV, Entertainment and special channel to learn mandarin. The subcategories of the grand strategy during this time that had been using by STAR TV were intensive/concentration. As we know, the intensive strategy is divided into three things which are Market penetration, Market Development and Product Development. As for market penetration, previously STAR TV was initially targeted to a select 5 percent of the population in major markets in Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, Indonesia and India. We will write a custom essay sample on Star Tv Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These are the countries that they chose to being penetrated and to increase the market share. This segment of the potential audience is made up of English-speaking, well-educated, well-travelled and wealthy Asian. All channels were in English without subtitle/translation that made most of the targeted countries’ residences were not interested to subscribe it. Plus the Television was very difficult to get due to the price was considered expensive. Japan was not in targeted country due to Japan already had its own well-developed satellite TV network. On the other hand, Japanese were not interested in English because they didn’t speak/understand English at that moment. With the $300 million initial capital, some observers predicted that STAR TV would lose massive amount of money in getting the audiences. As for the market development of the subcategories, STAR TV introduced the satellite dishes which were new to audience. Customers were scared to buy because that was new to them. They didn’t really understand of its functions. STAR TV had come out with many campaigns and advertisements to audiences to make they know the functions well. However, when STAR TV sports channel offered world cup cricket championship in 1992, sales of satellite dishes were skyrocketed, particularly in areas that had once been British colonies. Everybody was interested in watching those channels in Asia. The subscribers were increased from time to time and they enjoyed not only sports but they also were getting music television (MTV), News channel, Entertainment (movies, drama, etc) and Mandarin learning channel. Initially STAR TV was making its money solely from advertising. They found that the profit unable to bear all the cost in order to maintain the good service level and product enhancement. They were start thinking and they found an idea on how to increase the income. They implemented pay channel concept as for the product development. They courageous to implement this concept were because their audiences were reaching a total number of 3. 75 million households in eight countries just after a year it began operating. The porter five forces involved during this previous time were suppliers, customers, and substitute product. The suppliers were not so many which had given less choice to Star TV to choose from. The price fight was almost zero. Most of them were providing the service in equal price quotation. Star TV had to follow whatever price that had been setup by suppliers. The suppliers were including production house, raw material, labor or manpower, components and other supply. Most of the customers were not a native English speaker. As for the target market, no more than educated people subscribed this Star TV at first when it was launched. However, Star TV found that sports can be watched without understand the English when the customers subscribing rating were increasing during world cup Cricket being beamed by Star TV. Star TV provided 24-hour sports channel and it had been a strong point for customer to chose compared to other channels. The threat of substitute product was typically impacting the industry through price competition. The competitors were such as NBC, ABN (Jow Dones), CNN,Nine Network Australia and local station. The local station could provide the live sports game for free while Star TV needs to pay to watch. Definitely customers chose local station because it is free. For a reason, the rating had been decreased due to this threat. Nevertheless, Star TV had it own advantage where the channel is beamed clearly without dotted screen like an aerial TV. Compared to other satellite TV, Star TV needed to lower the price to get more customers. In other words, Star TV could not run from price competition. GENERIC GRAND STRATEGY AND ITS SUBCATEGORIES CURRENTLY PURSUING AND THE PORTER 5 FORCES INVOLVED In 1993, News Corp, headed by media mogul Rupert Murdoch, purchased 64 percent of STAR TV and later bought the remaining shares for total cost of $825 million. The acquisition was undertaken because of supply-side as well as demand side impetus for standardization. The generic grand strategy used once Rupert Murdoch bought START is also growth. Murdoch was looking to have very big shares in the Asian market. He is the owner of News Corp seeing that with the purchase of STAR TV, he can beam his channels all over the Asia with the very efficient cost. For the subcategories we can say that STAR TV was using intensive/concentration as well. It is the same with subcategories earlier but now the method is different. It still involved Market Penetration, Market Development and Product Development. However, other than intensive/concentration, during this time STAR also using integration for its subcategories. STAR was using rearward method. It was considered as rearward because STAR has been in the same company with one of its suppliers which is News Corp once bought by Rupert Murdoch. News Corp hoped to use STAR TV to arbitrage its existing program sources including the 20th century Fox movies and television program library. FOX broadcasting hits were such as â€Å"The Simpsons†, BSkyB sports and news programming in the Asian market and vice versa. If successful, this strategy would cut the cost of programming for STAR TV to bear minimum associated with copying tapes and broadcasting them. As for Market Development and Market penetration, Murdoch reversed the mainly English strategy aimed at a select audience in favor of supplying regionally oriented languages, including Chinese and Hindi in less than a year. Rupert Murdoch came out with good initiative such as English movie with India subtitle for India region. For some movies he did the direct translation which was accepted by most of the customers. This initiative was made the star TV became more popular and the sales was increasingly rapidly. Rupert Murdoch saw that the resistance of English in Asian region as an advantage to created this initiative successfully. Murdoch first began to customize the satellite network’s music programs. The company found that in Taiwan, the audience prefers saccharine, Chinese love ballads, while Indian viewers are more drawn to dynamic music videos. Murdoch did the segmentation and research to get best result before he did any decision making for particular region. Therefore the northern beam of star’s satellite, which broadcast to Taiwan, Hong Kong and an estimated 30 million viewer in mainland China, carries mainly Chinese pop music. The southern beam aimed at India and Southeast Asia, focuses on Hindi and English Music. The customization has carried over to other types of programming as well. For example, Star has split the signal on its sports channel to provide more Crickets to Indians and more soccer, gymnastic and tracks to the Chinese. Movies channel are being geared up to broadcast in seven languages which are Mandarin, Hindi, English, Bahasa Indonesia, Tagalog, Cantonese and Japanese. Murdoch says his plan is to dominate four key program categories in sports, music, movie and general entertainment. By mid 1990s Star TV was reaching an estimated 54 million households. Even with this coverage the satellite network was experiencing major losses. Murdoch has determined that Star TV cannot bring sufficient revenues from advertising alone to make a significant profit. Instead it will be necessary to have viewers pay to watch some programs on the network. News Corp is attempting to develop systems that will allow company to collect viewer payments at a reasonable cost. This is what they called pay per view (PPV). This was one of the brilliant idea of Murdoch since it could increase the company profit. Viewers were willing to pay at a reasonable price for their favorite channel. Star TV now has access to the sophisticated AsiaSat-2 satellite as for the product developement, which is positioned to cover two third of the world population. This shows that Star TV has the biggest asset to be a strong pint to penetrate world market. Star TV is considered to be a large organization as it employs approximately 700 workers in Hong Kong Headquarter alone and further 2000 workers in other Asian regions. Size is quite directly related to structure. Robbins (1990) summarizes that complexity and formalization are positively related to size. Even that STAR operates in various locations and as organization, it is expected to grow, both the opportunity and need for work division and coordination (Pugh and Hickson, 1976). STAR is in elaboration-of-structure stage. The organization has reach large size and its two (2) revenue streams of subscriber fees and advertising had to be more balanced in order for STAR’s business to attain maturity. Nearly half of the world’s population resides within STAR’s footprint in Asia. In order to connect with these billions of potential viewers to maintain the momentum of expansion, STAR has made several strategic investments in pay-TV platforms throughout the region. These pay-TV platforms have become invaluable assets to STAR, strengthening our ability to deliver our content to consumers. In addition, organization has established a close working relationship with thousands of other platforms operators in Asia and beyond. STAR has also been expanding its reach beyond television broadcasting, by setting up some departments to offer its content via wireless and online-based services. Whether in front of the TV, surfing the web, or on the go with a mobile phone, viewers connect with STAR. Considering the recent innovations on STAR and its service programming, technology plays a definite role in the whole operations and competitiveness. Since bureaucratic organizations like STAR have strict rules, standards, hierarchy and legitimate authority, where the markets are characterized by prices, competition and exchange relationship, affecting traditions, shared values and beliefs, and trust, technology functions as determinant of pace and timing of tasks, providing information to managers on performance, and dictates standards. Looking on Woodward’s ideas, technology and structure of STAR fall on the Group II, which is the large batch and mass production. Considering the various regions in which they operate, large batch and mass production is the most practical way to manage technology. The structural characteristics of Woodward are the following: number of management levels (4), supervisor span of control (48), direct/indirect labor ration (4:1), manager/total personnel ratio (medium), worker’s skill level (low), formalized procedures (high), centralization (high), amount of verbal communication (low), amount of written communication (high), and overall structure (mechanistic). However, it is also recognized that STAR may invest on the process of maneuvering into Group III or continuous process production due to the emerging trends of service television industry and its clients. In application, the most important thing to think about in production and technology is the basic value of making good TV shows and marketing them to the targeted consumers – viewers across Asia, advertisers, and cable distributors. This is the most important consideration as far as technology and structure is considered. STAR can talk on new kinds of services, new technologies, and cable versus DSL versus satellite, but everything is futile not unless integrated in producing quality programming for viewers and advertisers alike. STAR acknowledges the need to take steps to move the whole industry forward and start shaping it to be the kind of industry where they will continue to be a player if not the leader in the next five or ten years. STAR is a bureaucratic organization involving Weber’s main characteristics of bureaucracy such as Rules and procedures, Specialization and division of labor, Hierarchy of authority, technically qualified personnel, Separate position and incumbent and written communications and records. Rational-legal authority is practiced in STAR where authority legitimated by virtue of supremacy of law and formal rules is used in conducting the organization. Basing on French and Raven power types, STAR uses legitimate power where formal standards, rules and laws are exercised. With the leadership and managerial expertise of Richard Li, the execution of STAR strategies is bounded on formal and legitimate source of power. Li’s power supported by clear corporate governance initiatives possesses outstanding ability to cope with uncertainty, position in information network, and control over physical and financial resources. Furthermore, modern control theories are â€Å"the mechanisms through which an organization can be managed so that it moves toward its objectives† (Ouchi 1979, p. 833). STAR reflected News Corp. s culture of taking risks and swift decision-making with minimal formal structure. It is bureaucratic because it emphasizes on achieving consistency and stability by following procedures and practices, high level of conformity and collaboration among employees, and focused efficiency and consistency are the key objectives. Arguably, this type of control may also affect employee motivation, working relationships with the management and p roductivity as there are other aspects of the organization that are overlooked when a legitimate source of power and control is operating all alone. Consideration of other power and control types or perhaps the integration of some of their inherent attributes is recommended. Culturally speaking, STAR projects the organizational culture of News Corp. by serving as powerful source of control and achieves Behavioral Consistency through a system of Shared Values and Meaning both in internal and external perspectives including the needs of the environment and strategic focus. A dominant level of culture is exemplified by a significant number of members of the organization. Core values are similarly expressed y the dominant culture, which is providing quality service programming to viewers while maintaining market leadership and organizational productivity. It could also be assumed that subcultures occur in local or regional offices due to national, cultural, and individual diversity. Adaptability culture is seen on STAR. STAR has penetrated deeply into key markets with mass appeal general entertainment channels, produced locally in lo cal languages, by local talent. These channels help organization achieve a genuine resonance with audiences, and uniquely position STAR as the leading media company in Asia. For example, Murdoch could hardly have been happier with the successes of â€Å"Correlate† in India and Xing Kong in China, STAR’s two most important markets. Asian companies that were setting up satellite broadcast channels aroused fewer political and cultural concerns in their target markets and often had closer connections with local governments. Foreign broadcasters valued them as partners for this reason as well as because of the access that they often afforded to local programming. Further, STAR is also uses mission culture type as noted on its organization’s purpose and on the attainment of goals, managers share organization’s goals and future direction, rewards on high performance, and environmental relativity. As Asias largest television network watched by approximately 100 million viewers every day, STARs reach is unmatched. The breadth and scale of operations across Asia position STAR uniquely as a powerful communication vehicle that can be leveraged for the good of the communities it reaches. Inherently bureaucratic, there is a need for STAR’s management to consider creativity and individual initiative as well as behaviorally-based mechanisms in creating standardized corporate laws and policies. The satellite provides STAR TV with 30 or more new channels of digital television. Moreover the digitalization process allows STAR TV to simultaneously offer the same program in several different languages, thus supporting the network’s regional focus. With the increased technology, STAR has successfully entered the Japan Market and offering a 24-hours Japanese language channel. The company plans to offer six more channels in the near future. STAR TV faces growing competition from others attempting to launch various satellite networks in the area such as NBC, ABN (Dow Jones), CNN and Nine Network Australia. As STAR TV attempts to target its program more regionally it will be competing with regional broadcasters. Murdoch views the situations as an investment. So far STAR TV has the highest market penetration of any satellite network. To be successful it will need to gain additional share in various market. These are certain porter 5 forces that involved: Risk of New Competitors One of the primary advantages of the company is their strong relationship with their customers. As of January 1993, the company reached its 4. 5 million people out of 11. 3 million households in Asia (Ghemawat 2005). The company is using the specialized input by using different important and new technologies that will help them to improve their services. In Hong Kong, the government requires any companies that are interested in doing their broadcasting or news program in Asia, must be controlled locally (Ghemawat 2005). This is due to the fact that they are going to handle the different information about the current events of the country (Ghemawat 2005). In terms of the socio-cultural aspect, in China, Chinese people prefer to watch local films and TV programs because they are not that good in understanding as well as speaking English language. Rivalry among Established Firms The company had been able to catch the attention of their customers as well as gain their loyalty by implementing their strategies of thinking local and acting global. It enables the company to create different programs that are suitable for the taste of their local viewers. Bargaining Powers of Suppliers In general, the products of the company have few substitutes. In addition to that, those products are considered as significant to the buyers such as the process of purchasing exclusive TV programs and movies. Above all, the suppliers of the company have the ability to vertically incorporate forward for them to compete with the buyers of the company. On the other hand, the buyers don’t have ability to integrate backward for them to supply their own demand. Bargaining Power of Buyers The buyers, end-users or distributor and the buyers of the company can switch suppliers at low cost. The buyers can easily and vertically integrate for them to compete with the suppliers. Threat of Substitute Products In the industry of entertainment and media, the competitive threat of the substitute product increases as it comes closer to fulfill a similar function or feature towards the original product. The availability of a substitute product can create a price limits on the original product. But it doesn’t directly hit the company due to the fact that it has its own production of their TV programs that help them to control the features and functions of their media products, in order to meet the demands of the customers. FACTORS SHOULD MURDOCH CONSIDER IN MAKING AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSEMENT AND TYPES OF STRATEGY FOR USE AT BEGINNING OF TWENTY FIRST CENTURY Identifying the environmental factors inherent to the operations of STAR regardless of geographic locations or specified regions is done through PESTLE analysis: Political Asia was not an easy neighborhood where anyone can do business. On the case of STAR, new government regulations restricting foreign ownership of news channels were passed in India, and more work was needed in order to make STAR’s China venture profitable. In all its markets, STAR maintained close relationships with government officials and understood local operating requirements, both explicit and unwritten. Media, particularly TV broadcasting, were salient politically because of their potential influence on public opinion and their importance to local artists. They therefore remained subject, around the world, to extensive state control – a reality that STAR managed carefully. Economic The risk of the occurrence global economic downturn brought about by dynamic competition among companies that lead to closing down and the loss of jobs may have a direct impact on STAR strategy of dominating the world’s television entertainment market. Also, there are huge differences in terms of the GDP per capita earnings among the countries. This situation should make STAR consider about its positioning strategies in certain countries (Barlett and Ghoshal, 1989). Social The varying demands of audiences in relation to culture is a primary determinant of organizational performance provided that environment is being considered. Not only must the cultural differences be recognized, but there is also skill in knowing how to organize the programming; for example, when to insert the commercial breaks. Television ventures can be killed by managers who do not know programming, especially if they believe ‘good programming’ is what they like personally. As case provided, India, with its British colonial legacy, was somewhat easier in programming perspective in contrast to Taiwan where STAR experienced resistance to English content. As it was still in an embryonic stage, India’s television market was largely unregulated, at least compared with other Asian markets. India had only two television channels in 1991, both operated by government broadcaster Doordashan. STAR later formed a joint venture with native Indian media conglomerate Zee Telefilms. Under the agreement STAR was precluded from developing Hindi programming, and instead was limited to broadcasting exclusively English-language content. For example, a quiz show would be successful because India is a nation of very intelligent quizzers. In general, the rising middle to upper-middle class households in certain countries requires a strategy formulation that will not mismatch to the potential for consumer market. Technological The innovations in terms of STAR’s technology are contributory seeing that technological advancements are among the primary features of competitive advantage of STAR. Investing on new state-of-the-art programming facilities and equipment is essential in the business strategy to be aligned to any revolutionary technological changes affecting the television entertainment industry. Legal STAR’s awareness of any changes in terms of government policies and legislations within the operating countries is vital. Constant large-scale legal evaluation facilitates opportunity for expansion and minimizes legal difficulties. Environmental By Duncan theory, an unstable environment combined with low levels of complexity leads to moderate to high uncertainty. In this environment, there are only few elements, but each element changes in an unpredictable manner. As there is a heightened need to process information and respond to it, management is decentralized. Teamwork is emphasized in order to facilitate communication. There is extensive use of boundary spanners and intensive coordination devices to enable the organization to respond to environment pressures. However, production processes are more stable and tend towards being mechanistic. The PESTLE analysis conducted above identifies the environmental factors affecting STAR’s operations in all the regions in which they do business. The identified factors certainly create influences and at the same time relevant to its functions. STAR’s niche market is technologically motivated, thus, the role of technological factors in the environment (e. g. innovations) is important while considering the varying needs of their diversified clientele. Indeed, not all environments are the same as they vary in various degrees of uncertainty. On the case of STAR, it is a complex one. The following indicates the degree of environmental uncertainty. Decentralized with an emphasis on teamwork Constant environment monitoring by boundary spanners High levels of coordination and integration in order to promote imitation and innovation Production facilities often mechanistic Burns and Stalker (1961) distinguished organic and mechanistic organizations. They believed that the most effective structure is one that adjusts to the requirements of the environment, which means using a mechanistic design in a stable, certain environment and an organic form in a turbulent environment. Large firms may even have some parts which are organic and others which are mechanistic. For instance, Operations Engineering department may apply largely mechanistic practice in terms of job functions. The mechanical system design as evident on the structure of STAR is stable and efficiently performs as seen on its double-digit performance and growth in revenue and operating income for four (4) consecutive years. Furthermore, STAR’s departmental differentiation adopted by regional managers and staff explicitly addresses the needs of the diverse environment. There is a lesser degree of call for change not on its structural level but on the ability of the management to effectively manage and response on the growing needs of clients and international competition in the niche market. To do such, STAR should establish international linkages and control environmental domain as prime strategies for controlling external environments. STAR also needs to consider on SWOT analysis in future planning. The SWOT of STAR TV that can be concluded as per below: Strength Worldwide presence Strong in the prime time slot Association with big names Good contents Effective packaging Weaknesses Not much strong in non prime time slot, need concentrate on this Excessively dependant on K series soaps. This may harm in long term. Opportunities Lack of strong challengers Strong network channels for promotion. Threats Popular series on maturity phase and about to expire New emerging channels like NDTV imagine New technology HDTV, 3D TV The grand strategy that STAR TV needs to use in planning the best for the beginning of the 21st century is growth. STAR must concentrate on R D which is fall under product development (concentration). The offering channels should be updated based on the current technology. STAR should come out with interactive channel in the future. The Interactive Channel delivered shopping and games as well as regularly updated news, weather, and sports. Viewers were able to make airline reservations, sample music CDs, and even hear an update for their favorite soap opera. Through the Interactive Channels Teachers Assistance Program, viewers had access to information such as school lunches, homework assignments, and student projects. This channel has many benefits and makes life easier. As for now, people definitely will choose SPEED product where customer can do things in short period of time. On the other hand, STAR should come out with more channels in non prime time. So the subscribers are stick to the STAR channels without change to another channel which is impacting the rating. Plus, the box office movies should be from worldwide not focuses only from Europe countries. Other than concentration on channel enhancement, Since STAR owned the big satellite; STAR should come out with the great GPS system device like PAPAGO, GARMIN and etc. STAR also needs to come out with application for android and iphone so that people can watch STAR TV anytime and anywhere. People are now having phone with them 24-hour a day with internet. These are my two cents thought that might increase the profitability of the company. The conclusion, STAR and technology must move simultaneously as a strategy to growth. Last but not least, I was thinking recently that life revolves around making plans, whether we are conscious of it or not Good plans shape good decisions. That is why good planning helps to make elusive dreams come true.